Rational Choice versus Cognitive Dissonance Essay -- Terrorism, Suici

Rational Choice versus cognitive DissonanceIntroductionRational extract theory can sufficiently apologize terrorism, self-annihilation bombing, and genocide by exactly arguing that each act is the result of an individual making a plectrum to commit said acts simply because the benefits outweigh the costs. Rational choice theory, however, has a harder time explaining altruism without altering the definition of altruism itself. Cognitive divergence can also explain terrorism, suicide bombing and genocide because it argues that an individual can reduce dissonance created by these acts in a variety of ways I will discuss later. Cognitive dissonance though, like rational choice, cannot effectively explain altruism. I will argue that cognitive dissonance is the stronger theory in explaining the terrorism, suicide bombings and genocide. Theory critical reviewRational choice theory is the argues that patterns of behavior in societies are caused by the choices made by individuals a s they try and maximize their benefits, while at the resembling time, minimize their costs. Rational choice theory contends that people make rational choices based on their goals which in turn controls behavior. The theory assumes that individuals are motivated purely by self-interest and the desire to maximize their interests. A key in rational choice decision-making is that individuals have perfect information before making a decision.Cognitive dissonance, originally coined by Leon Festinger, refers to the anxiety that arises when a person holds opposing ideas at the same time. The theory maintains that people are motivated to reduce dissonance and do so by either changing their attitudes, actions and beliefs or by justifying, denying and blaming. Review of Ev... ...nfortunately, I can find no evidence that the theory of cognitive dissonance can explain altruism. In fact, I cannot find any evidence at all that any theory can explain altruism accurately. In my research I did not come across any psychological theories that explain altruism. The closest explanation I can find had to do biology and evolution -- an area that does not have a place within this paper.In conclusion, after careful examination of both rational choice theory and cognitive dissonance I find that cognitive dissonance appears to be more sound in its explanation of an individuals society in genocide, terrorism, and suicide bombings. Cognitive dissonance focuses primarily at the individual level for explaining why individuals participate in said act whereas rational choice theory often had to resort to examining actions at an organizational level.

Global Tales - Stories From Many Cultures :: essays research papers

Compare and contrast the two stories by R.K. Narayan. Which story do you prefer and why?In all the stories and authors featured in "Global Tales", R.K. Narayan is the most respected and well-known author. From the short description of him at the end of the book, he created a space for himself called "Malgudi" and genuine his own characters, like a puppet master making his own puppets from cloth and giving them life when he does the show. His stories are universal, probably because the themes and characters of the stories are lento to identify with. He should be ninety-seven this year (year 2000). From what I know, his other books include " Malgudi Days", where " An Astrologers Day" is taken from. Narayan is a in truth observant man, sharp and sarcastic at the same time. His sarcasm become humour and it is not very obvious sometimes. We have to read between the lines to mystify the joke. He is very descriptive in his writing and his world comes aliv e with the mood through the informative and colourful description, the characteristics and the internal thinkings of the characters, the suspense and the dialogues used. I especially admire the way he brings the story to a close, not too dramatic, yet satisfactory. Some writers often leave an unfinished decision where it is up to the ratifier to decide, treating this as their style and adding a sense of mystery to the story. However, these are sometimes the most horrible kind of ending, not only irritating, but also annoying. The ending is the element that wraps up the whole story, yet the writer left it out, like a jigsaw piece went missing. It is not a complete piece of writing. Lastly, I find R.K. Narayan to be naughty at times, from the way he phrased his sentence, and the sarcasm, but we like it. In " An Astrologers Day", an astrologer meets a unknown and tells his fortune. Surprisingly, the "fake" astrologer managed to tell what was true for the stranger. Th en, it is only when the astrologer reveals his secret, did we know how his "magic" worked. We are brought into the world of the streets of India where there is little lighting but "a bewildering cris-cross of light rays and moving shadows". The in-depth description gives us the setting, which can be seen in our minds. Not

Imagination and Literature Essay -- Literature Essays Literary Critici

Imagination and Literature The importance and influence of imagination on the creation and limited review of literature varies between and within various artistic eras. Originally seen as an aberrant function of the mind, imagination was subservient to the powers of reason and order. Art involved absolute replication of the real, a craft rather than an unique act of creation. Beginning as early as Aristotle, however, human imagination has been linked to the power and place of art. The ascendancy and, in some eras even superiority, of imagination as a potent mental faculty gave birth to new critical enterprises bent on articulating the manner, motivation, and merit embedded in art and the artistic process. By tracing the development of this basic literary concept, it may not be possible to expose a coherent and universal idea of imagination that has evolved throughout history. However, such an inquiry could lead to a better understanding of how the ideas and attitudes about imag ination from ane age enter into an informative and influential dialogue with others. From the rational and pragmatic critics of the Enlightenment to the expressive and Romantic critics of the Nineteenth Century, we can begin to formulate a synthetic rather than absolute understanding of imagination. Though Aristotle first created room for imagination by expanding the expressions of a poet from the actual to the possible in accordance with the laws of opportunity or necessity, it was not until much later that the capacity and power of imagination was adequately explored. Imagination was seen as a turbulent, unpredictable, but potentially just force which must be refined and kept within the bounds of reason to pragmatic critic... ... each definition of imagination we have discussed struggles to be breakaway while simultaneously remaining intertwined to the preceding critical traditions. Works Cited Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. Bibliographia Literaria The tiny Tradition. Ed., Da vid H. Richter, New York St. Martins Press, 1989. Hume David. Of the Standard Taste The Critical Tradition. Ed., David H. Richter, New York St. Martins Press, 1989. Johnson, Samuel. Rambler, No. 4 The Critical Tradition. Ed., David H. Richter, New York St. Martins Press, 1989. ---. Rasselas, Chapter 10 The Critical Tradition. Ed., David H. Richter, New York St. Martins Press, 1989. Shelley, Percy Bysshe. A Defence of Poetry The Critical Tradition. Ed., David H. Richter, New York St. Martins Press, 1989.

Male Cheerleading is a Sport! Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Argume

Male Cheerleading is a SportAgainst popular belief, females were not the founders behind the sport of nurseleading instead males who were so eager to cheer while watching sporting events created this sport. In the 1890s the first pep club was nonionic at Princeton University, and it was there where the first organized yell was recorded. The University of Minnesota organized cheerleading and the first school fight song. Women didnt get introduced to cheerleading until the 1920s when gymnastics was slowly introduced to the sport. Cheerleading didnt become a predominantly woman sport until the 1950s. Today there argon more then three thousand high school and college cheerleaders in the United States. 97% of all cheerleaders be female however, approximately 50% of collegial Cheerleaders are male. Although males were the founders of cheerleading they have different social and cultural costs and benefits than females involved in this sport today. There are many different stereotypes th at males need to nerve and these labels stem from the current day problem of homophobia.When a man enters the world of cheerleading he is immediately labeled as being effeminate. These males are faced with the assign of overcoming societys stereotypes of a male Barbie figure. Ken, Barbies male counterpart is a muscular, preppy, and all American boy. These qualities often lead society to label those males that have these characteristics as gay. Many generalizations are made that gay men are not athletic and therefore would turn to cheerleading as their sport of interest. To many homophobic people cheerleading is therefore deemed as a sport for sissies. They claim that cheerleaders are there solely for looks and entertainment purposes out... ...rs because they provide them with strength needed to perform difficult stunts.Society often labels an performance a sport if it is rugged, requires endurance, strength, and masculine qualities. Because cheerleading is a predominantly women sport and is characterized by attractive uniforms and cheers, society often shuns the idea of men participating in this activity. oft times the activity is not considered a sport and the males and females are not considered athletes. Both males and females have to fight to encourage others to perceive them as athletes. In 1997, just one all female division participated in the NCAA all-collegiate cheer and dance team national championships. This proves the point that despite the social and cultural costs involved, males are still eager to participate in the sport that they originally founded and feel many more benefits as well.

Nutsedge: Weedy Pest or Crop of the Future? :: Botany

Nutsedge Weedy Pest or Crop of the Future? discolour nut sedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) is an invasive weed in the United States. It is often regarded as a useless pest to home gardeners as well as mercenary growers. Along with being a useless weed it is difficult to control. Several commercial herbicides have been labeled for use exclusively on chickenhearted nutsedge and are available at local retailers. This, of course, indicates much research has gone into the development of chemicals to eradicate it. In a country that spends much of its time and currency on programs focusing on the advancement of crop production has the yellow nutsedge been labeled unfairly? Could the U.S. find use for Cyperus esculentus L.? A waitress into its past and present might reveal a profitable future. Cyperus esculentus is in the order Commelinales and the family Cyperaceae. Cyperus esculentus can be distinguished from early(a) species of New World nutsedge by its persistent linear brown spiklets that have closely appressed overlapping scales. This perennial plant is self-incompatible. The stem of yellow nutsedge is triangularand has a light green-yellow color. Rhizomes that terminate in tubers are the main means of reproduction, although it does produce viable seed. It is interesting to note that the name Linnaeus chose for this sedge, esculentus, means victuals in latin (6). The two varieties of interest to us are Cyperus esculentus var. esculentus (weedy) and Cyperus esculentus var. sativus (cultivated). Most literature uses the name Cyperus esculentus for both the weedy and the efficacious sedge. The weedy variety esculentus produces m whatsoever seeds although the cultivated variety sativus produces few. Yellow nutsedge (weedy) has been reported to produce 605 million seeds per hectare in Massachusetts (4). Both reproduce vegetatively in great numbers. Research indicates that a single nutsedge tuber can produce about 1900 plants and 7000 tubers in one yearly (8). The weedy nutsedge was introduced to the Dutch Netherlands in the late 1970s concealed in Gladiolus and it was so invasive that in 1984 a restriction was implemented by the government. This regulation prohibits the harvest of any root crop in a field that is infested with the yellow nutsedge (3). Cyperus esculentus var. esculentus and Cyperus esculentus var. sativus are closely related according to Moshe Negbi (6). The color of the tubers appears to be one unusual character. Variety sativus has a grey-orange color and variety esculentus has a grayed brown color according to the Royal Horticultural Society Colour chart (3).

Nutsedge: Weedy Pest or Crop of the Future? :: Botany

Nutsedge Weedy Pest or Crop of the Future?Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) is an invading weed in the United States. It is often regarded as a useless pest to home gardeners as well as commercial growers. Along with organism a useless weed it is difficult to control. Several commercial herbicides have been labeled for use exclusively on yellow nutsedge and are easy at local retailers. This, of course, indicates much research has gone into the development of chemicals to eradicate it. In a country that spends much of its time and money on programs centering on the advancement of reduce production has the yellow nutsedge been labeled unfairly? Could the U.S. find use for Cyperus esculentus L.? A look into its past and exemplify might reveal a profitable future. Cyperus esculentus is in the order Commelinales and the family Cyperaceae. Cyperus esculentus can be distinguished from other species of New human race nutsedge by its persistent linear brown spiklets that have clos ely appressed overlapping scales. This perennial plant is self-incompatible. The stem of yellow nutsedge is triangularand has a light green-yellow color. Rhizomes that terminate in tubers are the main means of reproduction, although it does produce viable seed. It is interesting to note that the name Linnaeus chose for this sedge, esculentus, means edible in Latin (6). The two varieties of interest to us are Cyperus esculentus var. esculentus (weedy) and Cyperus esculentus var. sativus (cultivated). Most literature uses the name Cyperus esculentus for both the weedy and the useful sedge. The weedy figure esculentus produces many seeds although the cultivated variety sativus produces few. Yellow nutsedge (weedy) has been reported to produce 605 million seeds per hectare in Massachusetts (4). Both reproduce vegetatively in great numbers. look for indicates that a single nutsedge tuber can produce about 1900 plants and 7000 tubers in one yearly (8). The weedy nutsedge was introduced to the Dutch Netherlands in the late(a) 1970s concealed in Gladiolus and it was so invasive that in 1984 a restriction was implemented by the government. This regulation prohibits the harvest of any root crop in a field that is infested with the yellow nutsedge (3). Cyperus esculentus var. esculentus and Cyperus esculentus var. sativus are closely related according to Moshe Negbi (6). The color of the tubers appears to be one fantastic character. Variety sativus has a grey-orange color and variety esculentus has a grayed brown color according to the Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart (3).

Examine the ways in which the relationship between the public and the police is presented in this extract and elsewhere in the play

In Murmuring Judges, the second do work in H atomic number 18s trilogy which examines institutions, Hare presents the relationship among the law of nature and the public as one of mutual abhor. Interestingly, Hare never openly shows the public to dislike the lawyers, who act as the antagonist throughout the play due to their uncaring attitude towards client, barely it is omnipresent towards the guard, who are shown to be more in touch with bulk. Here, Hare is perhaps consciously suggesting that the people dislike the police force as they are the face of justice and thus perceived by the public to be the enemy.Although Hare does present the police to cut back some racist and prejudiced views, showing they clearly arent perfect, he does largely present the police in both Murmuring Judges and his look book Asking Around as trying to do a hard job in difficult times. From our first introduction to the police, we see they are instantly disliked by the public. In Act 1 Scene 3, the first to involve the police, Keith states youre whole bloody bastards which immediately creates fellow feeling from the audition for the police.This sympathy is increased throughout the novel, w hither Hare by and large presents the police as intelligent people, an example of which is Sandra, who is shown as trying to enforce justice fairly in a corrupt system. The public dislike for the police is shown to be mutual though, Im not sure I care for the public that over frequently, which highlights the police frustration at the difficulty of their job, which is shown to be exacerbated by non-cooperative suspects, as shown through Keiths repetition of Im not saying anything.This furthers sympathy towards the police, as the public information and the audiences perception seem to be very different, as at this point in the play the police are presented as entirely honest. Dislike for the police is also shown later in the play, I bloody hate the sodding police, but here the polic e are shown to have grown more tired of the public and are more irritated, do you have any idea, you stupid arsehole, how bloody softened it is for us? However, the public only further underlying frustration, as the Criminal Evidence Act of 1981 made policing more about paperwork, which created frustration amongst the police as for them it lowered their ability to do their jobs. In Asking Around, Hare states the police are use to doing a great deal of good for the community and theyre used to having it thrown back in their face. This could explain the polices frustration at the public and also their seeming lack of interest in their jobs, as they no longer have the incentive to help those who hate them.Read also Intro to Public Relations NotesThe police are shown to pay back more frustrated as the play progress, although the time period is unknown, could suggest that more and more acts were continually introduced. However, Hare continues to present the police as the good guys, as he shows Lester to be only interested in protecting the public, which reinforces the idea that police frustration largely stems from the public. Despite the public perception of the police as tossers, the police are wholly presented as the most in touch with people and the most realistic, what were talking about here is reality.This is best shown in the juxtaposition of the lawyers and the polices view of public interest. Whereas Sir Peter believes everyone perceives to Desert Island Disks, which the is obviously untrue, as this is a largely meat class radio station and shows the lawyers to be completely out of touch with the public, Lester states Id rather be in bed with Michelle Pfeiffer. This is a much more relatable statement for the public, as it is likely that there is a larger proportion of people who would rather be in bed with Michelle than there is who listen to Desert Island Disks.Through this direct contrast, Hare shows the lawyers to be dated whereas the police are p resented as realistic, and with the same manner and feelings as the public, which can be exemplified by the sarcastic tone from Lester towards the clients, go and stand up there next to him, it makes no difference to me. The extent of the polices involvement with the public is shown starkly when Barry confronts Irina and asks when was the last time anyone was sick on your wig? The mocking tone suggests is frustration at the public and the image of the public vomiting on the police shows them to be obviously more in touch with the public than the lawyers. Contextually, however, the public distrust of the police is understandable, as cases like the Guilford four and the Birmingham Six highlighted police decadence and showed the police to be immoral, as Barry is shown to be here. Perhaps the worst relationships presented between the police and the public are those which highlight the racist and generally prejudiced attitudes of the police at the time.Barry suggests that Gerard is more likely to be guilty as he was kind of Irish, which shows an innate prejudice, as he assumes that his nationality makes him more likely to devote crime. Significantly, Hare presents the public as aware of this racism through Jason, who is black, as he states if you go through with thisIm going to get a bobble hat and grow bloody dreadlocks. Here, it is suggested that the police are inherently racist, as Jason implies that he was arrested simply because he was black, showing he too believes the police are racist.Although here it is a matter of justice, rather than racism, in the focus scene Hare does present the police as prejudiced. Through Lesters statement, I hate immigrationand bloody women, Hare presents the police as prejudiced, which could arguably suggest why they are so disliked by the public as this shows them to be unjust. Just as the public are shown to be aware of racism within the police, sexism is also obvious as Sandra says just ask the boys, all women are naggers.H owever, I believe this may have been inherent and gone unnoticed by the police, as perfectly summed up in the line they get dressedt know theyre prejudiced, as the play was written in 1991, when racism and sexism were seen as everyday occurrences. Hare describes the police as the people trying to keep their sense of humour in the face of massive contradictions. This is evident in the relationship between the police and the public, as the police generally use a light tone and humorous phrases, which suggests the police would like to get along with the public, but they make this impossible.This is strengthened by Hares presentation of the public, as they are shown to be non-cooperative or grovelling. In contrast, Hare occasionally presents the police as prejudiced and disinterested in their jobs, which undermines the police-public relationship, but it is largely obvious that Hare blames the public for the poor public relations as the police are largely just attempting to do their job in difficult circumstances, which is only worsened by the public perception of them as unjust and prejudiced.

Technology-Enhanced Learning In Education

The Internet is a timely tool for pedagogues who are reforming instruction. If we believe information is the fundamental principle of cognition, understanding and power, so cosmopolitan entree, to worldwide databases and latest, planetary information and people-to-people networking, is important to supplying pupils with educational challenges. Children and striplings in modern societies are turning up in a universe where engineering is present everyplace. The extended fashion of Information and Communication Technologies ( ICT ) by striplings in their day-to-day life for leisure, amusement and societal fundamental interaction is doing a great impact on their acquisition demands, demands and outlooks. They need to larn accomplishments and competencies, for self-development, engagement in society every bit good as for future tense occupations. Furthermore, they are besides progressively utilizing ICT for any learning intents, frequently outside the schoolroom. This gives rise to n ew-madely ways of acquisition, including informal 1s which are shaped by new ICT tools, offering exciting larning chances that are basically different than earlier tools.This is the ground why instruction is sing a major invention and the instrument in this development is the computing railcar. Computers and cyberspace installations are nowadays available in all our province schools from primary to secondary and besides at the third degree. It is pass judgment that instruction bequeath see ICT as a major instruction and larning tool across all educational establishments. With its power of interactivity, multimedia and communicating, the computing weapon proves an first-class tool for instruction. Psychologists believe that the best feedback is that which comes instantly after the event. What can be more immediate than surfing the cyberspace and acquiring the consequences wished for within seconds?Of class, the usage of ICT in instruction brings along the demand to larn how to l end oneself this medium decently because there are legion ways in which the computing machine can be integrated within the learning procedure. Therefore new learning methods need to be explored, equipment has to be purchased, installed, on a regular foundation maintained and instructors require preparation. This finally leads to consequences which decidedly need to be evaluated and reviewed for farther betterment.1.1.1 Virtual Learning EnvironmentRecent old ages have seen a considerable scope of tools and programmes that persist online acquisition. One such(prenominal) type is a practical acquisition environment which is a web-based information-rich acquisition environment that provides a scope of tools and installations for scholars and instructors to work together. INSPIRAL, a attempt in the United Kingdom, defined practical acquisition environments as follows VLEs are web-based toolkits that facilitate larning through and through the proviso and combine of online instruction and acquisition stuffs and tools. INSPIRAL ( 2001 )This brings about a displacement in the important function of the instructor, from that of gatekeeper of cognition to that of facilitator and manager of the acquisition environment, in come in to run into the demands of the pupils. Therefore, the pupil, through the counsel of the instructor, sets precedences and accomplishable ends and repulses on the duty for making the set ends. Students have the chance to prosecute in autonomous acquisition experiences and activities that promote self-expression, co-operative acquisition and interaction non merely with their immediate environment but with the outside universe every bit good.Aims of the ProbeThere is a sense of urgency for instruction establishments to happen ways to move in favor of the new larning coevals in order to enable new ways of larning guaranting that the accomplishments for future occupations are acquired. It is indispensable to do certain that 21st century acquisi tion in europium, particularly in Malta, becomes more efficient, just and advanced than it of all time was in the yesteryear.The European 2020 scheme high spots of import tendencies, which will take to a extremist transmutation in instruction taking up new accomplishments needed for new occupations. In this regard, e-learning has many assets to offer so as to reenforce and do more accessible educational facets. Teachers whence need to go go-betweens between pupils, cognition and engineering while internet-based societal networking will be a complimentary characteristic to practical acquisition. This scheme aims at sharing best patterns on e-learning undertakings across Europe with a peculiar accent on mobility, quality criterions, instructors preparation and games.At the European Council held in Lisbon in March 2000, 15 European Heads of Government set a end for Europe to go the most competitory knowledge-based economic system in the universe, capable of sustainable economic grow ing with more and better occupations and greater societal coherence. overdue to the fact that ICT and other related policies play a cardinal function in accomplishing the ends of the Lisbon scheme, the renewed Lisbon ends of 2005 included programs to ease invention through the execution of ICT and higher investing in human capital.Brian Restall, ( 2008 ) in the study The Development of eServices in an Hypertrophied Europium eLearning in Malta , presents the consequences of a research on e-learning in Malta. The authorities invested well in ICT in public schools in the last decennary. This has allowed the Maltese instruction sector to be ranked as unity of the most technologically connected in the universe. All province schools are networked, connected to broadband cyberspace with a computing machine and an enterprise has been launched to utilize ICT across the course of study.However it is worthy of note that the deficiency of expertness and practical support in seting into patte rn e-learning in the course of study, together with entrance preparation both for instructors and pupils, is still lending significantly to the restrictions of consumption. In fact, most of the attempts that have been noted locally were in most instances consequences of independent attempts at the integrating of ICT in instruction.E-learning is non about taking classroom-based acquisition and forcing it down a wire. Rather, e-learning nowadayss a new position on how engineering can be applied to upraise what instructors do good now, and to present new advanced ways to maximize the handiness, enjoyment and the effectivity of larning for the person. Indeed, online acquisition can besides let educational experiences to be tailored to the demands of persons or groups of persons. Other societal groups, such as scholars with household committednesss and with disablements, can besides profit if the physical and temporal obstructions to instruction are withdraw with the aid of engineerin g. A major challenge which the present instruction system faces is the effectual and efficient operation of the different educational services in order to supply quality instruction for all kids to win , a taking aim of the Ministry of Education. The educational substructure and system has grown to such an extent that it requires a more timely and effectual bringing of services and support. Although the research carried out in this peculiar country has non been conclusive, the laptop for instructors enterprise, and other similar attempts 1 hold prove to lend to instructors betterment of ICT literacy.In secondary schools particularly, holistic attacks to ICT integrating should go the norm instead than the exclusion. The ICT accomplishments that Maltese pupils are geting during their ICT lessons need to be used in other topics in order to implant the accomplishments gained. Some schools are already trying inter-disciplinary and cross-curricular classs and are gaining the potency o f ICT nevertheless more schools need to do such a measure.On the other manus, a recent cognition function exercising conducted by the World Bank s Information for Development architectural plan ( InfoDev ) ( Trucano, 2005 ) revealed that, despite decennaries of big investings in ICT to profit instruction in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) states, information to back up the theoretical benefits from ICT are limited. aft(prenominal) gaining the job that occurred within the past old ages where merely classroom-based acquisition was taking topographic point without instructors doing usage of ICT tools, as described in this subdivision and as summarised below, the chief aims that this thesis will try to make areHow to outdo integrate the usage of ICT with the acquisition of Mathematics, viz. the subject of AlgebraDerive an penetration and hence compare the interactions that happen in the schoolroom and on-lineStructure of the ProbeThe first portion of t his thesis gives a reappraisal of different literatures and surveies that have taken topographic point global. accent mark is put on those coming from the United Kingdom, besides those from Malta. This is because, Maltese instruction has invariably moved, someway, in conformity with British instruction.The method of how the research was carried out will so be explained in item and eventually the informations and consequences obtained will be analysed and compared. The thesis will reason with some recommendations given to instructors who would wish to better, with the aid of ICT, the numeral acquisition experience offered in Maltese schools.

How Technology is changing our online life Essay

It is hard to conceive life without email nowadays. The only efficient content of communication, with efficient meaning that the message is delivered within seconds, is either through the cellular phone or through email via the internet. It is even more impossible to imagine how people could work under circumstances that denied them access to the latest communication technologies or even technology at all.Yet somehow, there was really a time when people where not at the beck and call of their cellular phones and a time when nobody really felt the urge to keep checking the mailbox every five minutes for fear of missing an email. There was a time when people actually drove to the store or entered a store and talked with the attendants forrader buying something. Ordering shoes and bags or other electronic items was done by going to a shop and not by going online and glide online as it is done today.Friends and lovers were met and made by going to social functions and parties instead of by checking out somebodys myspace profile or advertising on online personals. While those practices are still being done by certain individuals, the growth of the internet and the wide array of services that it offers have dramatically alter the manner by which people interact with one another and also the manner by which individuals lead their daily lives. The convenience and accessibility that the internet offers constitutes it an nonesuch replacement for all the previous time and energy consuming endeavors.With the number of people who are connected to the internet growing everyday, it is but a innate(p) consequence that more and more services are being offered online ranging from dating, shopping, research and entertainment. In understanding how this new implant online lifestyle has changed our lives, it is important to understand the lures that are online that make it such a tempting alternative to doing this the time consuming and energy expending tasks. The internet p rovides everything online. Everything a person can desire or hope is available online.Romance can be found through chatting or through online personals while intrigue can also be found on popular blog spots. Food is readily available for order online and so are clothes and other items. In short, there is nothing that cannot be found online and all a person needs to do is point and click. This is the lure of the online life and this is the reason why more and more people are spark advance the online life. It is convenient. It is time saving. It does not require one to expend a lot of energy. In certain cases, it also allows a person to work more efficiently and become more productive.From the standpoint of privacy, the internet offers virtual anonymity to anybody who goes online. All of this is offered online thanks to the great improvements in electronic and communication theory technology. As the developments in the electronics and communications technology continues to improve and advance, it will no longer be far off to imagine a world where nobody is walking the streets and everyone is hooked up to their computers interacting with each other in a world where they can be their own gods and dictate their own destinies without even breaking a sweat.Instead of respectable seeing an image of another person online, it may actually be possible to experience the sensation of feeling and touching that person. This all may skilful be future talk but one thing is certain. Todays society has become so dependent on the benefits that technology has brought in making online life possible that we have come to a point of no return where we can no longer imagine life without it. If you commemorate otherwise, turn off your cellular phone and unhook the jack of your computer and see how long you can survive without it.

Salomon V. Salomon & Co. Analysis

Mr. Aron Salomon was a British leader merchant who for many years operated a sole proprietor business, specialized in manufacturing leather boots. In 1892, his son, also expressed interest in the businesses. Salomon then decided to incorporate his businesses into a extra company, which is Salomon & Co. Ltd. However, there was a requirement at the time that for a company to incorporate into a limited company, at least seven mortals must subscribe as shareholders or members.Salomon honored he clause by including his wife, four sons and daughter into the businesses, making two of his sons directors, and he himself managing director. Interestingly, Mr. Salomon holded 20,001 of the companys 20,007 shares the remaining hexad were shared individually between the other six shareholders. Mr. Salomon sold his business to the new corporation for almost 39,000, of which 10,000 was a debt to him. He was thus simultaneously the companys principal shareholder and its principal creditor. At the time of closure of the company, the liquidators argued that the debentures used by Mr. Salomon as security for the debt were invalid, and that they were based on fraud.Vaughan Williams J. accepted this argument, ruling that since Mr. Salomon had created the company solely to transfer his business to it, the company was in universe his agent and he as principal was liable for debts to unsecured creditors. The lord justices of appeal variously described the company as a myth and a fiction and said that the incorporation of the business by Mr. Salomon had been a mere scheme to enable him to carry on as before but with limited obligation. However, the House of Lords later quashed that Court of Appeal (CA) ruling, upon critical interpretation of the 1862 Companies Act.Thecourt unanimously ruled that there was nothing in the Act about whether the subscribers (i.e. the shareholders) should be independent of the majority shareholder. The company was duly constituted in righteousness, the court ruled, and it was not the function of judges to read into the statute limitations they themselves considered expedient. The 1862 Act created limited liability companies as statutory persons separate and distinct from the shareholders.In other words, by the terms of the Salomon showcase, members of a company would not automatically, in their personal capacity, be entitled to the benefits nor would they be liable for the responsibilities or the obligations of the company. It thus had the effect that members rights and/or obligations were restricted to their share of the profits and capital invested.Significance of the Salomon CaseThe rule in the Salomon case that upon incorporation, a company is in the main considered to be a new legal entity separate from its shareholders has continued till these days to be the law in Anglo-Saxon courts, or uncouth law jurisdictions. The case is of particular significance in company law thus Firstly, it established the canon that when a company acts, it does so in its own severalize and right, and not merely as an alias or agent of its owners.For instance, in the later case of Gas Lighting Improvement Co Ltd v interior Revenue Commissioners, Lord Sumner said the following Between the investor, who participates as a shareholder, and the nethertaking carried on, the law interposes another person, real though artificial, the company itself, and the business carried on is the business of that company, and the capital employed is its capital and not in either case the business or the capital of the shareholders. Assuming, of course, that the company is duly formed and is not a shamthe idea that it is mere machinery for affecting the purposes of the shareholders is a laymans fallacy. It is a figure of speech, which cannot alter the legal aspect of the facts.Secondly, it established the important doctrine that shareholders under common law are not liable the companys debts beyond their initial capital investment, and become no proprietary interest in the property of the company. This has been sustain in later cases, such as in The King v Portus ex parte Federated Clerks Union of Australia, where Latham CJ while deciding whether or not employees of a company owned by the Federal Government were not employed bythe Federal Government ruled that The companyis a distinct person from its shareholders. The shareholders are not liable to creditors for the debts of the company. The shareholders do not own the property of the company II Piercing of the kill by Common Law CourtsLifting the bedim of incorporation or better still Piercing the corporate cloud means that a court disregards the existence of the corporation because the owners failed to keep one or more corporate requirements and formalities. The lifting or raw of the corporate veil is more or less a judicial act, hence its most concise nub has been given by various judges. Staughton LJ, for example, in Atlas Maritime Co SA v Avalon Maritim e Ltd (No 1) defined the term thus To force the corporate veil is an expression that I would reserve for treating the rights and liabilities or activities of a company as the rights or liabilities or activities of its shareholders.To lift the corporate veil or look screw it, therefore should mean to have regard to the shareholding in a company for some legal purpose. Young J, in Pioneer Concrete Services Ltd v Yelnah Pty Ltd, on his part defined the expression lifting the corporate veil thus That although whenever each individual company is formed a separate legal genius is created, courts will on occasions, look behind the legal personality to the real controllers. The simplest way to summarize the veil principle is that it is the direct opposite of the limited liability concept. Despite the merits of the limited liability concept, there is the problematic that it can lead to the problem of over inclusion, to the disadvantage of the creditors. That is to say the concept is over p rotected by the law.When the veil is lifted, the owners personal assets are exposed to the litigation, just as if the business had been a sole proprietorship or general partnership. Common law courts have the lassitude or exclusive jurisdiction lift or look beyond the corporate veil at any time they want to poke into the operating mechanism behind a company. This wide margin of interference given common law judges has led to the piercing of the corporate veil becoming one of the most litigated issues in corporate law.But it should be worthy of note that a rigid application of the piercing doctrine in common law jurisdictions has been widely criticized assacrificing substance for form. Hence, Windeyer J, in the case of Gorton v Federal Commissioner of Taxation, remarked that this approach had led the law into unreality and formalism.As aforementioned, when the judges pierce the veil of incorporation, they accordingly proceed to treat the companys members as if they were the owners o f the companys assets and as if they were conducting the companies business in their personal capacities, or the court may attribute rights and/or obligations of the members on to the company. The doctrine is also known as disregarding the corporate entity. In his 1990 article, Fraud, Fairness and Piercing the Corporate Veil, Professor Farrar remarked that the Commonwealth authority on piercing the corporate veil as incoherent and unprincipled.That claim has been earlier backed up by Rogers AJA, a year ago in the case of Briggs v James Hardie & Co Pty thus There is no common, unifying principle, which underlies the occasional decision of the courts to pierce the corporate veil. Although an ad hoc explanation may be offered by a court which so decides, there is no principled approach to be derived from the authorities.Another scholar in the person of M. Whincop in his own piece Overcoming Corporate Law Instrumentalism, Pragmatism and the Separate Legal Entity Concept, argued that the main problem with the Salomon case was not so much the argument for the separate legal entity, but rather the failure by the English House of Lords to give any indication of What the courts should consider in applying the separate legal entity concept and the constituent in which one should refuse to enforce contracts associated with the corporate structure.

Environmental Ethics Essay

Environmental ethics f every(prenominal)s under the discipline of surroundal philosophy that studies how benignant beings bushel to their intrinsic surroundings. This is a wide study that involves a variety of separate disciplines much(prenominal) as those that study human relationships, economics, the earths structure and biology especi bothy ecology. Human beings being the most superior of all the living things on earth present an ethical obligation to the surroundings concerning the earth, air, water, other organisms and the human population, both the present and the future generation.Environmental ethics brigs up a variety of themes concerning what, when, how and why we should consider this argona of study. Aspects arising include the environments incorrupt value, how sustainable argon the policies on environmental protection, and how do these apply to the developing nations, and what policies should be put in place to ensure that the environment is safe restrained fo r the future generation, among others. galore(postnominal) philosophers through the years have studied this topic, but it only came to be recognized as an independent discipline in 1970, disclose-of-pocket to awareness of personal effects of increasing human knowledge on the environment.Growing economics and populations, juvenile technologies and development of industries all have had various adverse effects on nature, although aimed at improving life. The works of Rachael Carson, Paul Ehrlich, Aldo Leopold, among others brought about ethical concerns about the environment. Under environmental ethics, human beings have a duty towards the environment, on protection and conservation as well as having a quality life for themselves. In this context, contentious issues arise as to why we should be father to about the environment.Should it be for us, the living human beings, the future generation, or for the environment itself regardless of our own gathers? Different personalities offer distinguishable answers to this question hence different views have come up on environmental ethics. The issues of environmental ethics is of growing concern to the government and other institution including United Nations which have come up with incentives to people to value and appreciate nature. Earth Day which is held annually (first held in 1970) continues to create awareness and sensitize people on the value of the environment and why it should be protected.The Moral Standing We cannot handle ethics without reference to moral philosophy, which is concerned with individual behaviors and conducts. The moral stand up depends on what is considered adjust or good and wrong or bad by an individual or a society. For instance, different societies have different views on areas like land and living creature ownership, rights of the future generation, and m whatsoever more. Personal conduct with respect to environmental ethics defines how people should interact with nature, reg arding its exploitation and conservation.The moral standing of the ethical issues on environment are wholly placed on human beings as they are the only living things who can reason and decide on moral issues. Many of the environmental concerns revolve around man and how these affect him, thus the responsibility of environmental ethics should be solely mans. Responsibility to the environment implies that we are aware of this task, we are able to do it, we are at liberty to do it or not, and carrying out of the task has an effect to others existing in the environment.This manner that we know the damage we can cause to the environment, the effects of this damage and the prevention or solutions to these lines. This gives us a moral significance in environmental ethics, and gives us a central role. The moral standing therefore means we have the moral obligation towards nature and the capability to carry out this responsibility. When we consider environmental ethics, then, look at issue s such as Should we care about nature for itself while its people who really matter?That is if not for human beings social welfare why else should we conserve the environment? And if depleting the natural imaginativenesss is necessary for life improvement, why not exhaust it? Is the loss of biodiversity, destruction of scenic geographical features for human benefit such as in agriculture so harmful to man? Where is the need to conserve a species while it has no chance of survival in the near future due(p) to changes in earths patterns? Is it right for a person to own land, it being a natural resource among others, or is it morally wrong?Is it fair that 5% of the human population use 30% of natural resources, while in other less countries the population suffers due to lack of the basic resources such as food and clean water? Do these resources exist for the benefit of a few or should they be left field free for use by all? Is it possible for human beings to improve nature, see ing how man seems to have no control over nature when it comes to events such as natural calamities? Do recent developments in technology relieve us of our duty of protecting the environment?For instance, does biotechnology with authority to create new species, or bring back an extinct species, relieve us of the duty to conserve the biodiversity? Or alternative sources of fuel give us a right to deplete the natural fuel reserve? Should we let nature take its course as it always has or try and preserve it without assurance that this is of any benefit, or that this only hinders the course of nature? Is there any way that nature can take care of itself without our hand, like self reincarnateal?The primary(prenominal) issue surrounding environmental ethics today is the activist movements on environmental protection that focus people on the wrong issues, that is the moral standing is more emotional than factual or logical. The following are essential in discussing environmental ethi cs and policies. Western Religion and Culture It has been viewed by virtually philosophers that the Western religion has adversely affected the environment as it teaches that human beings have dominion over the earth and subdue it.Others view this as a command to take care of nature as we have been left in charge. The command given in the bible to the first man be fruitful and fill the earth (Genesis 128, Holy Bible KJV) raises the question of population control, is it ethical for the sake of the environment or is it a direct insubordination of Gods command? To address this sensitive topic, religion should be understood in context. At the time of the command there was only hotshot man on earth, so he was required to fill it, but now the earth is already filled.Is it logical to still apply the very(prenominal) same principles now as they did then? The culture of a people defines how they relate to and use the environment. Many of the historic events that shape the western culture have had a huge stir on the environment. Events such as the industrial revolution, technological advances and the modern culture have affected the environment. Culture can slow adapt to changing environments, as well as cause permanent change to different environments. The environment is very wide and continuous, while the environment defines cultural practices.Therefore it is ethical to put environment before culture, and change current lifestyles towards more nature friendly practices. The future generation Most of the damage to the environment is more likely to affect the future human population. This therefore calls on the currently living humans to consider the rights of those who are not yet born. We baron not know exactly what that generation will require but we are well aware of the basic needs of living beings food foster and basic health. Based on these we can have a model of what the environment should offer the future human beings.Therefore it is our moral obligati on to them to apply nature as much as we need to but ensure that we do not deny them the enjoyment of the same. Animals Other animals should be considered when addressing environmental ethics, since they are sentient beings, that is are capable of feeling. Although animals come after humans, they have rights and should be considered according to what they are interested in, such as feeding, living in their natural habitat, and allowed their existence. Controversy about animal rights arises in what animals exactly should we grant rights to.For instance, are insects or other smaller animals in this category? Is it right to use animals for testing ground research for medical and other studies to better our lives? The simple answer to this question is that unless it is extremely necessary, animals should not be put at risk or in adverse conditions. The harm to animals should be justified and be limited to a certain allowable level. Ecofeminism Women are seen to be closer and more in shade with nature this is claimed by feminists concerned with the environment (Cochrane, 2007).This is because of their ability to give life, and the fact that the earth is considered female (Shiva, 1993). Thus this gives them a better understanding of nature and how to coexist in harmony. Val Plumwood, an ecofeminist believe, that feminism should go hand in hand with environmentalism as both women and the environment are under the same oppression. Another feminist argues that the problem is in trying to justify this kind of oppression thus allowing such subordination.When considering environmental ethics and policies, the domination over women and nature is a critical issue that requires attention. Economics and Ecology Economics and ecology usually appear as counter forces. Economy involves trying to allocate the limited resources while ecology looks out to protect these resources. The ever-growing human population has placed great nip on nature and thus their distribution is hig hly competitive. Market forces have added more pressure to natural resources and their exploitation.Rapid growth of industries has contributed to environmental deterioration. The hail-benefit considers questions like if nuclear power makes electricity cheaper, should this field be ventured? What is the cost of preserving a forest compared to the cost of export timber? These raise challenges when setting up policies on the environment because of the question of cost versus the benefit of environmental ethics. Technology Technology has had a huge impact on human life as well as on the environment. The effects of technology are both beneficial and adverse.The medical, agricultural, communication and energy industries commit heavily on technology to better human life. Technology has the power to destroy nature as well as replenish it. The technological advances that are most potentially harmful include nuclear technology that is able to annihilate nature and biotechnology, which has the potential to alter the natural species boundaries. Since all technologies come with potential risks along with their benefits, ethical consideration must be made with regards to the environment. ConclusionIn studying environmental ethics, the first thing is to ask the question what should be done about the current environmental situation and how should it be done? The other consideration is the importance of individual natural resources and how much effort and cost we should dedicate to protecting such. This should be based on facts and not feelings, like and dislikes. It is important that policies be based on an integrated system that has in intellect all the components of nature, as well as involvement of the government, institutions and other countries.The following should be noted when considering environmental ethics The environment is not a resource just for us but for those we share it with (animals, plants and microorganisms) and for the future inhabitants of the plan et. Nature is continuous with continuous flow of energy, but with rapid exhaustion, the environment is not able to renew itself. Some of the artificially made substances are capable of spreading all over the earth out of our control and nature has no way acquire rid of them, for example nuclear waste, fluorocarbons, DDT, GMOs, etc. Our policies on environment affect the whole world since everything in nature spreads. We should be sensitive to the needs of other countries especially the less developed when considering environmental ethics It has to be demonstrated clearly that the policies we put in place concerning the environment have defined benefits for all concerned otherwise the area of environmental ethics will always be viewed with sharp critism. The benefits of conserving the environment should be clearly elucidated and put out for all interested stakeholders.ReferenceConchrane, A.Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Environmental ethics, (London School of economics and Po litical Science, 2007). Lotter, Don, A History of Western Cultures relationship with Environment, (UC Davis data-based College, 1990) Sutton, Eugene, An introduction to Cultural Ecology (Berg, 2004) Leefers, Castillo, Ecology and Society Bridging the gap between Economics and Ecology, (Michigan State University, 1998) Beckman, Ted, Martin Heidegger Environmental Ethics, (Claremont, 2002) Vandeveer, D and C Pierce, The environmental ethics and insurance book 3rd Edition. (Belmont, 1994)

Being a Good Leader

Introduction In todays establishments there is a greater focus on employees stepping up to be leaders kind of just managing their respective responsibilities. It is not enough to simply man ripen tasks and perform your delegated responsibilities any more employees be expected to take initiative and motivate those most them to also be leaders even if you argon not a manager by title. In order to be a leader, one moldiness start by fashioning a commitment and learn those skills needed to model the way and be examples to otherwises.As our organizations become more diverse, being equal to(p) to manage ethics and diversity is also important as we pass on encounter and work with others who support contrasting perceptions, thoughts and experiences than what we may be accustomed or familiar with. We must be become change agents in our organizations, people who ch in allenge the status quos and established processes in an ethical manner. If employees are motivated and engaged, organi zations will be successful and be able to withstand adverse environments. Modeling the WayIn all aspects of our lives we must be examples of how we want others a spell us to be whether in our own families, organizations or communities. How can we expect our employees to take initiative when they do not realise their leaders taking initiative in their own roles? Even if you are not a manager or leader by title, people around you are still watching to see how you perform and behave. For example, I am an individual contributor in my organization but there are other employees around me who see what I do and how I behave in my role.I always have a positive attitude and a smile on my face which motivates them to also have a positive attitude. I have to be aware that Im an informal leader in my organization even though I currently do not lead a team. On the other hand my direct manager is a great example on how a leader should behave and how to be an effective leader. She has the flexibil ity to work from home and she also gives me that option as a result that makes me work harder.Before introducing a new initiative, she always gets the buy-in of all our business partners so that when it is giveed, it is not a shock to anyone and eachone had an opportunity to share their thoughts. I never realized the importance of lovable everyone who will be affected by a new process or decision until now. Prior I was used to managers and senior leadership making decisions and the rest of the employees who were expected to follow them did not have any say or input. This is not an effective method of motivating employees.I have knowledgeable how important it is to seek feedback in order to continue doing the things that make you a true leader, change any actions that are not appropriate and start doing other things you would like your subordinates or those around you to do. Setting the example is all about execution. Its about putting your money where your mouth is Its about r etentiveness promises. Its about walking the walk. (Kouzes & Posner, 2007) Managing Ethics When we are a part of an organization, we are all responsible for managing ethics not just managers.Ethical practices should be woven in the fabric of the organizational culture and the organization should have systems in place to enforce ethical fashion. When developing the values statement during strategic planning, include ethical values preferred in the workplace. When developing personnel policies, reflect on what ethical values youd like to be most outstanding in the organizations culture and then design policies to produce these behaviors. (McNamara, 2008) First we must know what our own ethical values are, what are our belief systems?If we believe it is ok to steal from your organization because they owe you anyways, that person should take time to do some self-reflection and analyze their values. There are many laws in place that limn what an organization can and cannot do to ass ist managers in deciding what constitutes ethical behavior. Most organizations also have guidelines in place that explain what is acceptable behavior and what is not as well as procedures to report unethical actions and behaviors. Again, managers must behave ethically to set examples for their employees and those around them.Unethical actions not only endure the individual but the entire company and that is why managers must enforce the companys stance on ethics, ensure all their employees receive all brochures and materials so there is no question on how to handle observed unethical behaviors. Ethical practices should be a topic of discussion in meetings and on one-on-one conversations. Managing Diversity Today more than ever our workforce are increasingly become more diverse and managers must be equipped to not just treat diverse employees fairly but know how to leverage the different perspective, experiences and points of iew to create innovative products and how to respond to a growing diverse guest base. It is important for managers to understand diversity does not just imply to ethic or cultural differences but to also people in different age groups, education level, physical ability, economic status and many more. A manager must be able to communicate and manage conflict that arises between an ripened worker and a younger worker. Managers have to the open about learning about different people in their organization and as a result, the organization will benefit from all the great ideas.As an example, by the end of the month, our organization have scheduled a meeting with diverse managers for a round table discussion to get their ideas on how we can advance our recruitment of diverse leaders into our organizations. We are tapping into their experiences and possible networks to create a process in place instead of searching outside the organization. We also want to understand if they have had opportunities for advancement or professional development to see how we can improve that process. It is not enough to hire diverse leaders if we cannot engage them in the organization, develop them and retain them.We also try to enforce to the organization that it is not the line of merchandise of just Human Resources to own diversity and creating a culture of inclusion, it is everyones job. Managing diversity is not just the right thing to do, it makes good business sense. For example, if we do not have a strategy in place to create products and services geared towards the Hispanic population, which is growing at a rapid pace, our competitors who do target this group will experience larger profits. Just as the workforce is becoming increasingly diverse, so too are the customers who buy an organizations goods and services. (Jones, George, 2009) You do not have to be a manager to promote and support diversity. You can do it by your actions and by challenging others and educating them on how diversity makes good business sense and supporting your organizations diversity efforts. Challenging the Process Good leaders do not just follow procedures and conduct business as usual. True leaders question why certain procedures are in place and notify alternative solutions to improve the process. Leaders take the initiative to conduct any research needed to show the proof or the foundation on how to implement a new procedure, present the business case for the change.Leaders have to trust their gut instincts when introducing a new process or a different way of doing things that may not be received with open arms. As an example, when my manager introduced a new diversity scorecard to the senior leadership to deliver managers accountable for including diversity efforts into their respective departments, it was not greeted with enthusiasm. It took a few years of her having to prove the business case and showing with data why they had to be logical with their diversity efforts.As a result, the same leaders who were skeptical are now the ones refusing to interview any campaigners for open positions unless they have a diverse candidate slate. Now, three years since injecting diversity into our culture, diversity is included in our bonus achievement plan. As a leader who wants to implement change, you must be headstrong and believe that the change you want to make will benefit everyone in the organization and other leaders are also committed in making similar changes within their regions and divisions. Leadership isnt about challenge for the challenges sake.Its not about shaking things up just to keep people on their toes. Its about challenge for meanings sake. (Kouzes & Posner, 2007) Conclusion Being a leader is much more than holding a leadership title but we become leaders by the decisions we make. We must make a choice to have purpose and passion in our every day lives. We must care about ourselves, employees and the organizations we work for. When we have a purpose and passion about what we do it become s infectious to others, we become examples and without realizing we are role model the way for others to see how leaders behave through actions.Leaders must also do what they say they will do in order to be credible with their employees, colleagues and customers. If a leader looses his or her credibility, they will not receive the support he or she will need to implement any inevitable changes. Leaders do not only manage ethics but have at the center of their belief system a high figure for human worth and dignity. (Huber, 1998) Their decisions are made based on these values and beliefs which tie in with managing diversity as our world becomes more global.Leaders are made by the decisions we make every day that help make our organizations as successful and competitive as possible. Resources Huber, N (1998). Leading from Within. New York, NY Krieger. Jones, Gareth R. and George, Jennifer M. (2008) modern-day Management 6th edition McGraw-Hill Irwin, N. Y. , N. Y Kouzes, J. , & Po sner, B. (2007). The Leadership Challenge. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass. McNamara, C. (2008). Complete Guide to Ethics Management An Ethics Toolkit for Managers. Retrieved March, 2009, from Free Management Library vane site http//managementhelp. org/ethics/ethxgde. htmanchor39675

Beloved Essay

Sethe has a truly complicated kindred with herself. Sethe is the character that is non able to forget the trauma of the times when she was a slave and fearing that her children might non f alone into the same fate, prefers to even killing them. The central theme is that Sethe is in search of her own indistinguishability and Morrison also tries to show the cruelty and disturbing consequences of slavery that existed even after they were not slaves. The ex-slaves also disembodied spirit inferior to the white concourse and when Denver walks out of her home to find a job and at last she finds her identity.Sethe is lacking this throughout and keeps herself isolated and only plays the role of a mother. Those white things have taken all I had dreamed, she said, and broke my heartstrings too. There is no bad luck in the world but white folks. ( darling, Chapter 9, Page 89) Sethe kills her baby girl so that she is not physically, spiritually or emotionally ladened by the masters or whites of that time. Sethe suffers the guilt of her this particular act and when the first time ghost of Beloved comes in her ho single-valued function she gets extremely terrified and wants it to go away at any cost.But the atomic number 16 time, Sethe allows Beloveds ghost to destroy her house and digests her anger at even the cost of her relationships secure because she thinks that this way she can calm down her misss ghost. Beloved seems to be interested in Sethe and she listens to her and this satisfies Sethe too. Sethe has faced the dark and gloomy days of slavery and the whole life she tries to protect her children from getting into that life. Sethes unique interactions with Beloved, her incarnated missy reveals a completely different picture. She struggles with herself and her emotions and most of the time she is lonely.She trusts very few people and has cut herself socially, especially from the black people. She identifies herself as a different person in different stag es of her life. Sethes relationship with Beloved takes a different shape and helps her recover from the physical and mental trauma of slavery. The use of symbolism and allusions refer only to the confused and suffered state of mind of Sethe. Beloved has many grievances and thinks that her mother put away her whereas Sethe is unable to explain her daughter why it was better to die that to live in such traumatic situations.At these stages Sethe seems to be helpless and becomes more and more self-centered. She feels sometimes that she had no right to kill her daughter but the love and respect she had for her children forced her to do so. Her dreams for her children and their future were definitely not to live homogeneous slaves and she did what the moment forced her mind to do. Her motherly emotions are different from a general mother and she is seen very much possessive about her children too. She says, Anybody white could take your whole self for anything that came to mind. Not jus t work, kill or maim you, but dirty you.Dirty you so bad you couldnt like yourself anymore. And though she and others lived through and got over it, she could never let it happen to her own. The best things she was, was her children. Whites might dirty her al, right, but not her best thing, her beautiful, magical best thing the part of her that was clean. (Beloved, Chapter 26, Page 251) The novel in fact is Sethes memories in a shattered way and one has to collect them and understand and this makes the identification of relationships of Sethe with her two daughter all the more difficult.

Christian Perspective on Physician-Assisted Suicide Essay

Throughout our lifetimes, we are faced with questions that sometimes seem inconceivable to answer. Everyone is guided by something (or someone) when It comes to making choices both big and sm only. When it comes to issues of a moral nature, three-quarters of all Ameri wads claim their religious beliefs are the primary Influence on how they find guidance In their lives. (OMathuna and Amundsen, 1998) What is the Christian perspective on physician-assisted suicide (PAS)? While the topic certainly inspires debate, conclusions can be reached using examples from the Bible, cripture verses regarding life and death, and denominational statements. there are seven recorded accounts of people in the Bible choosing to end their avow lives. (Because the Bible does not speak specifically of PAS, insights will be drawn using examples of suicide. According to the Bible, knock downing Is killing no matter who commits the act for what reason. ) Abimilech, bruiser, Ahithophel, King Zimri, King Sau l, Sauls armor bearer, and Judas Iscariot. While there is no specific command in the Bible condemning the choice to end ones bear life, the depictions of the aforementioned characters are not those of a positive nature.Abimelech seizes power in his lifetime by conspiracy and murder of 70 of his own half-brothers. He is not chosen or appointed by graven image. afterwards organism mortally wounded by having a woman drop a stone on his head, he asks that his armor bearer run him through with his sword so that no one can say he was killed by a woman. The passage states that his death repaid the wickedness he had done to his have by murdering his brothers (Judges 950-57, New International Version). Samson is gifted by God with amazing strength. However, he ignores Gods commandments and lives a life tainted with trickery and sexualImmorality. He dies after being held prisoner by his enemies when he tears down a temple to which he has been tied. It collapses killing Samson and everyon e else inside Oudges 1729-30, NIV). Saul becomes the first king of Israel after being warned by God that Israels desire for a human king Is a rejection of the kingship of God. Saul eventually becomes alienated from God, his family, and his people. His jealousy leads him to onslaught murder on more than one occasion. Saul becomes wounded during battle and has no one to piece to for help and refuses to seek Cod.He asks his armor earer to help him die, and after he refuses (and consequently immediately takes his own life), Saul chooses to fall on his own sword (1 Samuel 311-6, NIV). Oftentimes in the New Testament, suicidal behavior (suicide) Is associated with demon possession. Though the suicide of Judas Iscariot in the New Testament is recorded without comment, Judas was called a traitor, a devil, a thief, and a son of perdition. Judas betrayed Jesus. claiming he never knew him. The weight of his guilt lead him to hang himself. A similar analysis of all the other suicide account s reveals a consistent pattern.Nowhere is suicide praised or commended. In fact, the lack of explicit comment on the suicides could Just as easily be viewed as a negative evaluation. (OMathuna and Amundsen, 1998) There is one last mention of suicide in the New Testament, to that extent its conclusion is full of hope and life. Two characters, Paul night, Paul and Silas were praying and singing to God in the midst of their suffering. A violent earthquake shook the foundation of the prison, opened all the cell doors, and loosened all of the chains of the prisoners.The Jailer was awakened and for fear of being killed once prisoners escaped, he drew his sword to kill himself. But Paul shouted and insisted that he not harm himself because no one had escaped. Paul and Silas then spoke with the Jailer about Gods love and salvation. The Jailer was filled with Joy because he had come to believe in God (Acts 1624-34, NIV). Christians believe that the Bible is the spoken word of God through his people. They believe that the Journey of Jesus Christ from birth to death on a fluff demonstrates how they are called to live even in the midst of pain and suffering.

The Enlightenment

The sagacity BY unet193 World Literature The presciences Impact on the new-fangled World The Enlightenment, Age of Reason, began in the late 17th and eighteenth century. This was a detail in europium and America when mankind was emerging from centuries of ignorance into a new be on enlightened by reason, science, and respect for gentleity. This period promoted scientific thought, skeptics, and intellectual interchange dismissing superstition, intolerance, and for near, religion. Western Europe, Ger galore(postnominal), France, and Great Britain, and the American Colonies more often than not influenced the age of reason.Following the Renaissance, science and grounds was the forefront of this age. The enlightenment came as a wave throughout Europe, drastically changing the culture. The literature of judgment of conviction reflected this idea. Authors such as Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were torchbearers of this time, writing Enlightenment literature and philosophy. T he Enlightenment was the forefront for modern literature and changed the management people viewed and interacted with the dry land, without it society today would not be the same. The ideas of the Enlightenment have had a long-term major impact on the culture, politics, and governments of theWestern worlds. English philosopher John Lockes principles of religious tolerance, the separation of church and state, and the social contract, for instance, greatly influenced the unveiling Fathers of the United States as they planned their new country. Lockes idea of a social contract, which Rousseau in particular developed, was besides of great importance in France both before and after the French Revolution. Democratic institutions were in globe to some degree in England, Switzerland, and the United Province of the Netherlands when Rousseau elaborated his social contract.Many of the ideas that the philosophers developed are inborn to modern democratic society, and they were oftentime s developed with the intent of creating such a society. It is important to note that Enlightenment thinkers were not the only source of such ideas. These are only two of many examples of how these ideas influenced later events. In fact, these three countries were important centers for printing and discussion, even though much of the discussion was round how to change the repressive society in France French exiles, including both Rousseau and Voltaire, similarlyk efuge in these countries when the French state sought to silence them.The 18th century was a time, which saw a significant expansion of knowledge in the realm of the lifelike world. In conjunction with the emerging philosophical enquiry of the Enlightenment, men of science began to investigate widespread beliefs about the structure of the universe, and even the type of knowledge that was possible for the human mind to understand. A great many of the Enlightenment writers possessed a background in the sciences, or a willin gness to conduct scientific experiments. disco biscuit metalworker, US representative and philosopher states, Science is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition. (Smith) Like many he believed that in order to clear the mind ot talse superstition and tocus on the true nature of a human science was necessary. A notable opponent was Rousseau, he believed that science led to the distancing of mankind from nature and often worked against the improvement and development of individuals. The spread of science in the 18th century was enhanced by the meter of scientific societies and academies which had started to emerge in the previous century and which, in eneral, accepted Newtonianism over the Cartesian system.It should be noted, however, that science was not a term often used by Enlightenment thinkers the use of indwelling philosophy illustrates that it was originally conceived of as a line of enquiry that shared contact points with moral philosophy and epistemo logy. The philosophers generally favored reducing government control over the market, which we call laissez-faire economics. The most bad school of laissez-faire thinkers in France were the physiocrats, who believed that the only real ource of national wealth was agriculture.An unobstructed supply of metric grain in France would be a means of increasing total output. In 1776 Adam Smith promulgated The Wealth of Nations, which forwards similar ideas. Smith was somewhat different from the physiocrats, though, because he believed that labor and the market were the ground creators of wealth. Smith argues The superior improvement in the harvestingive powers of labour, and the greater part of the skill, dexterity, and Judgment with which it is anywhere directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the division of abour. (Smith) He believes labor for one owns success is the best fashion to work, not wealth based on social standings. In making these arguments, both the physioc rats and Adam Smith struck at the hold that the aristocracy was trying to maintain on the economy. Locke agrees, All wealth is the product of labor The laissez-faire economists believed that wealth should not be confined to one class. As articulated in France, therefore, the argument for laissez-faire economics was an argument that the ancient regime should be abolished and replaced with a more jibe basis for ociety.Most literature was nonfiction, which means it was based on fact rather than being made up by the authors imagination. Its aims were to instruct, to enlighten, and to make people think. Immanuel Kant, German philosopher, states Two things inspire me to awe the starry heavens to a higher place and the moral universe within. (Kant) He explains the sort of wonder and inspiration found in the literature of the Enlightenment age Two of the primary targets of critical examination during the Enlightenment were governments and religious authorities.These calls for reform ere r aised by some of the most eloquent writers in history, such that the Enlightenment is also known as the favorable age of satire. The two leading figures of Enlightenment satire are Voltaire (in French) and Swift (in English). Voltaire battled many forms of injustice, including religious and political discrimination, arbitrary imprisonment, and torture. He is known primarily for his many philosophical and satirical works, including sassys, short stories, and essays. His masterpiece is the novel Gullivers Travels, a broad examination of ethics, politics, and society framed in series of fantastic adventures.During the late ordinal century, France waxed as the supreme political and cultural power of Europe. Classical French literature flourished particularly in the form of drama. French tragedy peaked in the works of Jean Racine, while Moliere, otten considered the greatest ot all French dramatists, attained the pinnacle of French comedy. While ancient and medieval writers produced novels, the form sure unprecedented attention in modern times. Formative age novel writing flourished primarily in Spanish, French, English, and German.As the novel did not achieve its supreme position until the nineteenth century, novelists of the formative age are generally less prominent than other literary fgures, namely poets and dramatists. Nonetheless, a list of the foremost novelists of the formative age will be attempted here in Spanish, Cervantes Defoes foremost work, Robinson Crusoe, is likely the most widely familiar novel of the entire formative age. These ideas, works, and principles of the Enlightenment would continue to affect Europe and the rest of the Western world for decades and even centuries to come.Nearly every theory or fact that is held in modern science has a base of operations in the Enlightenment Yet it is not simply the knowledge attained during the Enlightenment that makes the era so pivotalits also the eras groundbreaking and tenacious new approaches to investigation, reasoning, and problem solving that make it so important. although some may have been persecuted for their new ideas, it nevertheless became indisputable that thought had the power to incite real change. however like calculus or free trade, the very concept of freedom of expression had to come from somewhere, and it too had firm roots in the Enlightenment.

Commercial transactions essay

thus, she has no duty of attending to Frank and Beeline, while Douglas mercy Ltd, as a professional company has a duty of c be to them. Sub Issue 1. 3 and 1. 4 although Black was employed by embrown & Co, it outhouse be reasonably assumed that he wasnt given actual authority to give advice to somebody out of his accounting firm, nor was there any implied authority for Black to let him give advice on his employers behalf. By the way, it was reasonable to expect that Frank and Beeline would act on Black, a professional accountants advice to sign the purchase take. Therefore Black has a duty of care o Frank and Beeline, but brownness & Co does not.Issue 2 & Sub Issue 2. 1 and 2. 2 Frank and Beeline smokenot sue Marie, but they can make an operation against Douglas Pity Ltd. If they can prove that Marie has provided negligent misstatement about the motel business, such as phone call records, they can ask Douglas Pity Ltd to pay part of their losses. They also need to prove that Douglas Pity Ltd has breached their duty of care to them. Sub Issue 2. 3 and 2. 4 When everything was ready Frank said that they could not sign the contract unless Black gave them advice to sign it. Black, a professional accountant indicated them to do so.Therefore, Brown & Co is not apt for Frank and Bellinis damage, but Black is, because Black has breached his duty of care to Frank and Beeline. CONCLUSION Under the tort of negligence, both Douglas Pity Ltd and Black are liable for Frank and Bellinis losses. Frank and Beeline can sue them and if they can prove that Douglas and Black had given negligent misstatement about profitability of the motel business. For instance, Frank and Beeline need to provide endorse that Black had given unachievable occupancy rate of the motel. However, Frank and Beeline cannot themselves and they were not entirely relying upon Blacks advice.For example, Frank and Beeline didnt communicate Black whether the occupancy rates given by him was practical or not. Overall, the chance of successfully acquiring remedies from Black is the largest, while there is also a reasonable chance to win the case against Douglas Pity Ltd. Frank and Beeline can expect to recover $ 15000 from Douglas Pity Ltd, $ 25000 from Black, but the remaining part of their loss, approximately $ 35000 are their own liabilities. By the way, it would be very difficult for Frank and Beeline to receive any remedy from Marie and Brown & Co even if they chose to sue them.

Nike Brand equity Essay

Nike crapper was incorporated in 1968. In their thirty-four year history, Nike has primarily been in the business of designing, developing, and market acrobatic radixwear, attire, equipment and accessories, lot of companies go out on a limb when it comes to business decision or trouble strategies with Nike Corporation. Nike is powerful comp both. Nike Corporation is a well managed companion in striking pains, the company has a strong stain paradigm, and they be effectively capturing the value shaped from their savings. Modern superior ways to make crossroads argon significant in straight offs App arl companies, both to be efficient and to be able to make hi-tech products. Nike is dep extirpateent upon exalted technology in their effort to stay ahead of their competitors and create products. These technologies are plunge within computers, used to create, design and develop the products and machines that actu onlyy make the topographic point.Besides these main areas of technology much(prenominal) a large corporation a manage uses a lot of diverse technology such(prenominal)(prenominal) as accepting programs on computers, intranet within the headquarters and not to forget Web page technology for their net page. They have extremely developed Web site used for market and sales purposes. (Carty 2001 34-47)Nike primarily competes in the footwear industry, a sub countersink of the consumer cyclical sector. The major competitors of Nike are Reebok and Adidas, unless any company that sells athletic and vacant footwear, apparel, or sports equipment could be considered contestant too. Competition within the footwear industry can be rattling strong and change quickly due to rapidly changing customer preferences and technology. With an active industry such as Nike, it can be ch anyenging to sustain a rivalrous advantage.Nike positioned itself in an industry where are virtually no substitute products. Runners, walkers, basketball players, football players, and virtually every(prenominal) person that moves by foot needs footwear. Since people are beginning to become more reverenceed with their health, active lifestyles are decent more common. Strong rivalry still exists between Nike, Adidas and Reebok, but the competitive milieu does not award a threat to the industrys feasibility. Within the value chain in the footwear industry, there are only certain areas where net incomes can be extracted. Nike is keenly aware that this fact, therefore sign up out portions of the business thatthey do not want to be as intimately involved.According to Bigelow (1997) Nike took on the peeled trend aggressively and imposed a management strategy that targeted on building its crisscross name, antitheticiation of its product, intense trade and creating impudent markets and exploiting its potential. (Miller 2002 311-31)Market positionNike is an industry leader in developing innovative in the raw products. One of the powers of Nike C orporation is its tarnish name recognition, because Nike has been around so long, the brand is recognized and respected both internationally and locally. Nike has effectively marketed their products and in addition understands the importance of quality product. They are continually improving their shoes through new technologies that are developed by their seek teams. Nikes important sustainable competitive advantage is their intangible assets, such as brand image and placemental culture. Everybody knows that Nike Corporation is competitive company. aptitude of Nike is their brand loyalty, Nike has consistently produced quality products that appeal to its consumers, and Nike carries a wide arrangement of products with large amount of options for in the flesh(predicate) preference. Strong international presence is an advantage for Nike Corporation, in the U.S sales continue to slack off or the economy continues to worsen, they have their international investment that consisten tly turns into a profit. Nike is the number one footwear manufacturing business in terms of international rivalry in the market with the distribution centres. Research and growth organization of Nike is one of the company strength, which has the ability to keep the companys pipeline full in pioneering new products. The companies alike have manufacturing contracts with manufacturers in countries that do not have as many an(prenominal) requirements for conditions of work environment and others that outgrowth costs. Also because of the process is delve concentrated, the manufacturing takes place where labour is cheap. Nike is trying to increase their international presence. online store is an important factor in the presence of Nike Corporation the company believes it is vital to run on-line operation. (Peters 2005 3-6)Nike despite popular belief the very good thing roughly them is that the company is aware of their societal responsibility, and donated million of cash and product s to different charitable organizations. In addition to their contributions they have alsodeveloped labour practices department, which pays close worry to labour practice of third world countries in which it produces. Even though they are charitable organization they have not forgotten to be environmentally aware, with the introduction of environmental concern showing consumers that they have a heart. Because of the Nike growth they are an advantageous position in the market. This can also be attributed to their market share leadership, wide product selection, and stronger name recognition. (Peters 2005 3-6)Brand loyaltyBrand faithfulness is the major success of any company and Nike has managed faithfulness with the customers now for long. in that location are about factors which played important role for Nike brand loyalty areThe Social Factors -The age structure of population affects the lifestyle of sports. There would be higher(prenominal) chances of purchasing trainer s hoes in the market, if the age crowds were younger. The catchments area of class and income-structure as trainers are relatively expensive to purchase. Sports have become a widespread interest for the pursuit of physical health development. It is why mass market for training shoes products to serve the new-found past-time after World War One. It has become world(a) consumer product tear down they were perceived as a youth fashion item worn by film stars and famous athletics. The low wage labour is also a cordial issue in Vietnam. The Technological Factors This forms the physical environment as availability of equipments affects the business organization. Their products and technologies must(prenominal) be up-to-date in order to research new innovative marketing strategy. The design of training shoe is acknowledge cosmos crucial to its commercial success.The shoes style and technology are most likely to regularise purchasers. For example, Nikes 1977 introduction of its Ai r sole, which contained pockets of pressurized inert gas, established an industry benchmark. They have Design to Fit soles for every individual foot. They make property with digital technology taking advantage of new technologies and their potential to make love costs (Moores Law). (Carr 1998 10)Economic Factors Analyzing their pricing strategy for lower class population, the number of potential manufacturing countries and cost of labour, purchasing quantities, information about customer demand, competitors, competitor strategies, shopping patterns and the economic environment has help Nike to analyze todays world. The training shoe manufacturing has shifted their financial investment from South Koreaand Taiwan, now considered to be higher-cost production locations, to lower-cost ones such as Indonesia, Thailand and China. The trend has been for trainer companies to continue to use the same Korean and Taiwanese manufacturers, who have set up and manage production plants in the new geographic locations. They are also able to profit from beneficial trade and tariff agreements, wherever they exist. (Bigelow 2006 87-90)Political Factors Such as capitalism and democracy of the democracy influence their organization. For example, the labour in third world countries causes criticism against Nike. But since they have been exposed, Nike has been trying to regular this horrible problem they created. They have been sending people to upgrade the standards and have had routine checks on their plants all over the globe for crack down on child labour. A short time ago, the chief executive officer of Nike, Phil Knight, was quoted as saying, Nike has zero tolerance for under-age labour. So, it is good to know they are at least trying to pillage up the mess they have made. Recently, Nike has been making an attempt to help the environment. They have done many things like building an environmentally safe factory in Europe and used their own sustainable manufacturing arranging. This system strives to use minimum amount of resources, at 100% efficiency with zero waste. Also Nike created the Air to hide out Program. It is program that is designed to make learning about the environment safe and entertaining for children. They have also taken into considerations of the regulations and legislation for future likely developments.The inter-relations and interdependency activities of the environment affected the Nike organizations. Their business affects the economic, technology, political and social factors (STEP) which these four factors affect their businesses as well. For Nike to make profit, they must maintain high margins whilst expanding sales. These can only be done with a more selective distribution system that maintains margin. (Carr 1998 10)Brand awarenessBuyers in the athletic footwear industry enjoy a great deal of power. Consumers have shown again and again that they will simply holdup until prices reach level they feel is causation able before making a purchase. Nearly 40% of all shoe purchases are made through discount stores. Also, consumers are able to make informed decisions about a purchase through utilization of Internet websites.The bargaining power of retailers is also problem for footwear manufacturers. In recent years, retailers have begunto hold fewer inventories, forcing manufacturers to pay for increased inventory levels on their end. Manufacturers must also make sure that retailers are interchange the product in accordance with the desired image of the shoe. Nike has recently experienced a disagreement with their largest retailer Foot Locker due to pricing disagreements. As result, Foot Locker significantly reduced its high end purchases from Nike and Nike decided to shift their high end product sales elsewhere. (Mokhiber, Weissman, 1997, 9)Brand associationWhilst looking at the different trends and styles of present day athletic footwear, we can advance our research within the product and lo ok at the different customer groups that our three companies focus their attention towards.We are primarily looking at the three different companies and the rules of style that may apply to a specific customer group for this product. In some cases, the customer group that they are foc victimisation on may greatly impact the demand for the product because of different influences whether it is there income level, influence of childhood, or even there changing preference of specific product. Footwear is classified within many different categories, which makes the research of specific athletic footwear more difficult. For example, we are focusing on the companies of Nike, Adidas, and Reebok, and all of these companies make many styles of shoe lines. They range from golf cleats to soccer cleats to cross-country shoes. So when trying to go steady the main customer groups, each line of shoes is basically broken down within the group that the specific product is directed towards. So when looking at the different types of customer groups within the athletic footwear industry, some of the key customer demographic trend are broken up into different generations of tastes in style. (Teremenko 2003 207-249)The industry of footwear can be broken up into three main customer groups, which are the Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y. These customer groups do not have much in common except for their love of shoes and the different tastes in the new fashion trends of footwear. These three generations are broken down as follows Baby Boomers are from ages 35-53, Generation Y are consumers from 4-21, and Generation X is consumers from 22-32. As we develop ideas about the main customer groups within the footwear industry we can shut that the Baby Boomers account for 31% of the population, which is equal to about 81 million consumers. Generation Y is the consequence largest group that accountsfor 28% of the population which represents about 75 million consumers. The smal lest customer group is Generation X, they symbolise about 17% of the population, which equals about 46 million consumers. collected information from many consumer surveys rates Nike high among the consumers of Generation Y and X. Nike has become more appealing among younger consumers and has shifted away from the Generation of the Baby Boomers. (Teremenko 2003 207-249)Proprietary assetsIn financial 2005, NIKE met their financial goals.The revenues grew 12% to 13.7Billion, net income grew 28% to 1.2 billion and NIKE delivered diluted earnings per share of $4.48, 28% increase versus fiscal 2004. The gross margin percentage increase 44.5%. The return on invested capital has improved and spare cash flow from operations has increased. They continue to return cash to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases. Cash provided by operations was $1.6 billion in 2005 compared to $1.5 billion in 2004. There has been an improvement in cash management of accounts receivables and tim ing of inventory receipts and vendor payments. (Teremenko 2003 207-249)Perceptions of qualityOpportunities include that Nike is not fashion brand their main selling point is the quality of their manufacturing. However true this is, peopleparticularly youthare greatly relate with fashion. Whilst the sneakers are made well, and help you run faster, jump higher, and so on, they have to look good. This is an important opportunity since styles will change faster than the sneakers will wear out, hence forcing consumers to purchase more sneakers. Also, since Nike is as outlying(prenominal) into the apparel industry as its footwear market competitors, it has great opportunity to expand on this into accessories (ex sunglasses). The lane is open as to where Nike can bring their apparel ideas. Lastly, since Nike is a international company, there are many areas they can expand into.China is a newer market for them and there is opportunity to establish the same brand recognition there, and in similar countries, as they have in the U.S. overall Nike remain itself high in quality compare to Reebok and other competitors. And it seems to be continued in future after seeing the recent and strong marketing approaches by Nike. Nike has loyal customer market with brand aware customers, which will get down Nike on a successful future. (Anonymous 2006, 30-31)ThreatsCompetition is always a threat to a competitive company both domestically and internationally. The rivalry is very fierce with manycompanies competing for sales. Lots of money is spent on marketing and promotions through diverse channels in order to converse to the young demographic group of consumers who authorise the most money on their products. Development has also slowed in the athletic footwear industry, however new markets are emerging with high growth rates.Nike currently dominates the market, but Nike competitors pose a potential attempt to the companys reputation If Nike cannot stay one step ahead of t heir competitors in terms of product design and customer satisfaction the corporation could flounder. Another threat is the maturing market in athletic shoes. There is also rising adverse demographic change in the marketplace relating to brand image and promotions that Nike is futile to overcome. (Egan 1999 66-70)ConclusionMarketing on-line or E-commerce is really an opportunity for every company, if of course they will do it correctly. Consumers are using the Internet more and more to purchase their goods and service.In stipulations of the Nike Corporations Information Technology safety, the company or lets say in any business organization, their IT is always at risks for the reason that some bad element had their own bad elements and are always trying to get some very sensitive and important information to suit their best interests. The company should invest for the companys safety measures in terms of their information technology. Several company not only the Nike Corporation sh ould be give an attention to these issues. The problem might be very costly for it needs some money to develop its security, but the results of it would be very promising and indeed very helpful.On the other hand, their marketing mix, mission statements as the companys marketing strategies are extremely important because this will force the company because customers would be informed that Nike is serious in making innovations not only on their products, but also on their service. This will create a good impression not only on the customers or consumers, but also on the sports apparel market. This will result to a successful marketing strategy employed by Nike. (Enderle et all 2000, 11-19)ReferencesAnonymous, Adidas stands its ground on Salomon merges 2006, Corporate Finance, 30-31.Bigelow, B. The human lives behind the labels 2006, the global sweatshop,Nike, and the race to the bottom. Phi Delta Kappan, Vol. 92, 87-90.Carr, Robert. SGB Sporting Goods Business 1998, Vol. 31 bring o ut 8, p10, 1/2p.Carty, Victoria. The Internet and Grassroots Politics 2001, Nike, the athletic Apparel Industry and the Anti-sweatshop Campaign, George Mason University pp. 34-47Dworkin, A. Nike prepares to step into e-commerce with acquisition of online firm 1999, The OregonianEgan, T. The swoon of the swoosh 1999, forward-looking York Times Magazine. pp. 66-70Enderle, Kim, Dan Hirsch, Lisa Micka, Brian Saving, Sheetal Shah, and Tatiana Szerwinski (2000). Strategic Analysis of Nike, Inc. ISS 395, De Paul University. Chicago Illinois, 11-19.Miller, K. A Framework for Integrated Risk care in International Business 2002, ledger of International Business Studies, 23(2), 311-331Mokhiber, Russell Weissman, Robert. Multinational Monitor 1997, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p9, 10p, 5bw.Peters, J. Business policy in action 2005, Management Decision, p. 3Teremenko, Victoria Dizik. DePaul Business & Commercial Law Journal Fall2003, Vol. 2 Issue 1, p207-249, 43p.