Management theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management theories - Essay ExampleWhile managers administer, depend on control and way on organizational systems and structure, leading innovate, inspire trust and focus on individuals in an organization.In addition, managers and leaders differ greatly in that leaders have individuals following them whereas managers have individuals working for them. Moreover, leaders list to be brilliant and personal magnetismtic, like taking risks, visionary and creative among others. They use non-coercive tenor of influence to pass water individuals achieve certain goals (Bertocci 2009, p.7). In contrast, managers are rational, problem solvers, and in most cases, they focus on organizational goals, structures, personnel as well as the availability of resources. Mostly, managers make use of formal and rational system when organizing people while leaders use passion and stirs emotions when dealing with their subordinates. Managers have to deal with complex issues in an organization like set ting standards for development, developing action plans, and effectively using available resource (Klein 2007, p.2). Moreover, the strength of leaders is determined by the accomplishment of goals while managers effectiveness is determined by results like advantage margins (Bertocci 2009, p.9).Nevertheless, leaders and managers approach to tasks differently, that is, leaders look at the problem and come up with creative solutions. Their charisma and dedications helps them to motivate employees to do their best and to effectively solve any problem arising. In contrast, managers establish strategies to form teams and combine ideas to come up with appropriate solution to any problem. They encourage their subordinates to share their views in outrank to reduce inherent risk and promote success. Accordingly, they both have different approaches to risk in that as leaders are risk takers, managers are risk averse. More so, leaders are the facilitators when decisions are make while manager s are involved

Homosexuality as a Theological Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Homosexuality as a Theological Issue - Essay ExampleChristians set themselves at the center of this wave, as people look up to them for guidance on the dead end they atomic number 18 supposed to take. The commonality of this in theology particularly, is that people need to know Christians stand in this homosexualism turn off. As much(prenominal), different theologians have written different articles expressing their ideas on the homosexuality as a social wall plug. In my analysis in this essay, I will put into consideration three authors writings, and their logical thinking about homosexuality. A concise summary of each of these theological reasoning will form the basis of their comparison and contrast. Conclusively, I will draw personalized ideas and thoughts on the homosexuality issue. Koranteng-Pipim, in his article, Three Conflicting Views on Homosexuality seeks to find the churchs stand on homosexuality. The biggest issue is whether they should accept or reject these ind ividuals whenever they join their congregation. Both stands have their unique ethical consequences. However, he singles out the case of seventh day adventurist church, which has assumed three approaches to homosexuality (Koranteng-Pipim 1). Despite the locating that the church in past has assumed a non-acceptance stand on this issue, the recent rise of pro-homosexual groups keep on to amount the church on assuming a full-acceptance approach to these people. However, he notes that some segments within contemporaneous Adventism are moving towards the qualified-acceptance view in addressing homosexuality. Koranteng-Pipim argues that although these other views have emerged, the non-acceptance view remains the official position of the Seventh-day Adventist church (Koranteng-Pipim 2). Different tenets support these divergence views. The basic tenets in support of these views include the nature of homosexuality, worship of homosexuality, way out of homosexuality and response to homose xuality. The non-acceptance view holds that homosexuality is a distortion of human sexuality, it is pixilated and sinful, and that God has the capability of changing any situation (Koranteng-Pipim 6). In their arguments though, those advocating for full acceptance have to support to being born again and thus fully assimilated in the church. In his article, Homosexuality and Christian credence A Theological Reflection Jennings points out that homosexuals and homosexuality is one of the major importance deliberations of denominational bodies. This issue has drawn different feelings among the proponents and opponents of homosexuality issue. On one side are the supporters of the traditional sexuality part on the other hand is the group in support of the emerging trends in sexuality (Jennings 137). However, he observes that theological reflection has conspicuously been missing from this conservative-liberal confrontation. He observes that people hold many biases in the issue of homos exuality in the society. He however does not propose a theology of homosexuality, but proposes how complete principles of Christian theology illuminate this question or complex of issues. He looks at different principles of theology, such as one by Karl Barth, which proposes that that Christian faith goes along with the charitable God, who is the Supreme Being (Jennings 137). The supreme intention is to justify, save and redeem humanity, but not on the basis of a discrimination between better and worse persons but solely on the basis of Gods own gracious election. He argues that in case of a violation of this theological principle, it places in human hands the power to implement our own salvation. The second principle as he points out is the universality

A Study of Human Recourse Management Strategy in organization ( UAE Assignment

A Study of gentle Recourse Management Strategy in organization ( UAE Organizations only ) - Assignment Exampleof an organization consists of some(prenominal) activities, such as recruitment, selection, training, performance appraisal, leave policies and stipend distribution. The human resource wariness department of ADNOC ceaselessly tries to develop effective and fruitful human resource management learning programs for the management and employees in pasture to bring efficiency and improvement in each and every human resource management practices. jibe to the human resource management officials of ADNOC, training and development programs for the employees can be considered as an effective meter of an organization to foster the business growth rate of the organization.Decision making process can be considered as one of the important and effective aspect of the human resource management practices of an organization. The effectiveness of study environment, employee satisfacti on and significant output of employee performance seriously depends upon the effectiveness of the human resource strategy development and implementation process. ADNOC has become successful for the effectiveness of human resource management practices. The management of the organization has actual and implemented centralize3d decision making process in the human resource management department in order to take entire control over each and every human resource management practice starting from recruitment, selection, training and development process to the performance evaluation and salary or compensation distribution process. This specific HRM decision making process has individual advantages as well as disadvantages. starting of all, the management of the organization has restricted the interferences of the external agencies in the internal human resource management aspects of an organization. On the other hand, it may affect the employee motivation and employee satisfaction aspect . According to the centralization structure, the management of ADNOC does not acknowledge important stakeholders in the

The Beatles and drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Beatles and drugs - Essay modelThis change however was not only affecting Britain but the rest of foreign countries in their medicine and exposing them to new ways of life. It is then argumentative and controversial as to whether the Beatles made positive or negatively charged changes to the lives of Britons in the period. It is in this essay, therefore, that we shall figure out this by focusing on various influences the Beatles had on medication and life of the people of Britain.The Beatles are known to have had a great influence in the 1960s, to the British society through a unique medical specialty they composed and sang. The existing and growth of rock and pother, for instance, is exceedingly attributed to them as they are the very first band that came up with a musical style. Rock and roll style became quite useful during the years of war, 1939- 1945. Through the Beatles, it called for people to exercise patriotism and reunite with soldiers to amaze the existing situ ation better (Gammond & Peter, 1993). One of the singers of these times of war was Vera Lynn, with her songs like The White Cliffs of Dover and substantially Meet Again bringing her to fame in Britain, during the period. The pre-rock and roll era in Britain is, therefore, said to have existed in the 1940s and 50s. Frankie Vaughan and Dickie Valentine were the solo singers who dominated the music industry, with the musical tunes they had borrowed from the Beatles. A big difference is calorie-free between the music of the pre-Beatle era and that of the Beatles onwards. The Pre- Beatle era, for instance, was less modernized and quite unproductive time for music in Britain. Times however became better in the following years where the Beatle band began and consequent ones, as music then began moving to the desired direction. Following the rock and roll era was the rhythm and blues music which was determined to take over the Beatles, who had already taken the music industry by storm. It was through

Taxation and you must use Ireland taxation to do this essay

Taxation and you moldiness use Ireland tax revenueation to do this - Essay ExampleFailure to retain it, it will expose Sonya to parents original CGT that was evaded by Retirement mitigation and any CGT liability on their throw disposal. This implies that there will be no capital gains tax liability when tom raptures the business to Sonya. Disposal of shares in family trading company to Sonya will require banal qualifying conditions, control voting rights requirement and working directorship for 10 year and 5 year periods.Sonya must also own 25% or more of the voting rights in the company or own 10% or more of the voting rights in the company. In addition, the family must own 75% or more which includes the individuals own 10% throughout the 10 year qualifying period.ii) The transfer of the business to the local businessman is also qualifying since Sonya is above 55 years and it involves the transfer of shares in the family trading company. Disposal to others are exempt from CG T if the gross sales proceeds from qualifying assets during the individuals lifetime from the age of 55 onwards does not exceed 750,000. In the case of sale to the local businessman, the amount of 850,000 exceeds the set limit of 750,000. The capital gains tax liability will be calculated as followsb) If turkey cock transfers his business to his daughter, there will be no capital gains tax liability, but when he sells the business to the local businessman there is a capital gains tax liability of 50,000.This can be analyzed in the sense that an increase in the capital gains tax liability minimizes tax liabilities. Therefore, Tom should consider selling the business to the local businessman so that he can minimise the tax liabilities. It will also help to minimise the requirements of directorship and control of voting rights.There is no consideration if Sonya agrees with Tom to take over the business now since it is within the family and she has worked for 5 years plus the current y ear. However, if Sonya

The Impact of U.S Mortgages Crisis on the Saudi Financial Market Dissertation

The Impact of U.S Mortgages Crisis on the Saudi Financial Market - Dissertation ExampleThe investors in US withdrawn money from the market and the US economy entered into a financial recession. Most of the countries which are cogitate with the US economy also got moved(p) by the US mortgage crisis. Countries who were dampen to the mortgage securities were the set-back one to get adversely abnormal like European countries were badly affected by the financial crisis as they were also involved in the mortgage securities. Most of the financial institutions across the world suffered because of their acquire of bonds which were supported by the risky home loans and collateralised debt obligation commonly known as CDO. Once the subprime crisis emergence in USA, the investors who invested in these instruments incurred loss. More the investors lost trust in the financial instruments and hence the financial markets got affected by the crisis (New York Times, 2007). The default of the subprime loans caused a ripple effect which first hit the mortgage companies and the lenders which in make for affected the real estate sector as they were not able to sell the more houses as they use to sell during the boom of the subprime loans. Loss of the real estate sector in turn affected the US financial markets and the US economy. With the era of globalisation almost all the countries economy are cogitate to one another because of the financial and trade ties. Hence most of the countries around the world felt the commove of the credit crunch of the US economy. But, the extent of the affect of US mortgage crisis is different to different countries. As per the CEO and MD of Citi Group Asia Pacific (Markets and Banking) the effect of the US financial crisis has been limited. As per him the investors may centre more in emerging markets for long term growth (Rina Chandran, 2007). As per the chief economist of the universe of discourse Bank for South Asia Shantayanan Devaraja n, the countries in the South Asian region will not be adversely affected by the US mortgage crisis because the countries in that region are not much exposed to the mortgage securities of the US. More over the countries have enough liquidity available in their domestic markets (World Bank, 2011). on that point are also reports that the equity markets of the Arab countries faced very less impact of the US financial crisis. The important reason behind the immunity of the Arab markets is cited as the major market players of the Arab financial markets have least expose to the global markets. More over it is also cited that the Arab banks have performed quite well in the past

Ethical Criteria and its relationship with business negotiation Essay

Ethical Criteria and its relationship with business duologue - Essay ExampleThe main ethical criteria in businesses are utilitarian, universalism, categorical imperative, judge views, singularism, and social justice relativism and their relation to business negations.One of the ethical criteria is the Utilitarian banner in which a business executive makes decisions solely based on the outcomes and consequences. Many businesses procedure the meter to make decisions in the provision of the superior good and for the greatest number. The criterion ensures that the decisions made create efficiency for the organization as it struggles to achieve its goals (Ferrell & Gresham, 1985). The system also aims at increasing the productivity of the business resulting in high profits of the company or the business enterprise. When a business executive maximizes profits, he flock support his action that the decision he made as for the good of the organization. The use of Unitarianism leads t o productivity and efficiency in an organization but can make the executive ignore the rights of some stakeholders especially the minority group making them feel unaccepted. The users of the criterion feel that they need to protect the organizations interest and the shareholders. Businesses require the stakeholders to hold negotiations especially when making important decisions. The criterion does not allow free negotiations and discussions by the companys stakeholders as a single individual makes the decision for the benefit of the company. The choice of the action to be taken is determined by the largest number of stakeholders keep it.The categorical Imperative involves the universal practice such that everyone is allowed to practice the proposed action. Kant developed the criterion and individuals wishing to use the criterion or the test should know that they would need to adopt the morality of the action. The morality of the action is the chance upon to the adoption of the tes t, and

Jurisprudence - Liberal Feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Jurisprudence - self-aggrandizing Feminism - Essay ExampleJust as feminism, libber police cannot be explained by any single theory4. It is a family of different frameworks or view- summits that are used in the analysis of the desirable or real relationship between sexuality and law5. In her view, Christine Littleton considers womens rightist statute as a collection of various attempts aimed at critiquing, changing and explicating the law for the sake of, and from womens point of view6. Christine Littleton surrounds that, feminist jurisprudence aims at explaining womens experiences and at the same time transforming the law. Despite the fact that feminist jurisprudence is considered by many to be practical, theorists such as Carol Smart borrows from Carl Marx ideology and argues that feminist jurisprudence is both practical and theoretical it is brought about through the methodology that ensures theoretical insights are reflected in political action and that practical insights are shown on theoretical development7. As far feminist levelheaded theories and feminist jurisprudence is concerned, there is one thing that stands out both are aimed at the gender effects of legal practice and rules-particularly, how legal practices and rules affect women, and how law and legal practices define and reflect on gender identities. Additionally, both feminist theories and feminist jurisprudence focus on critiquing and exposure of the masculine genius of methods of law with a goal of changing both the methods and substance of law with respect to the goal of liberating women and feminist rejection of patriarchy. It must, however, be noted that-as had earlier been mentioned-feminist theorists have had different ideologies as to how legal transformation should be achieved and how it should be. Liberal feminism theorists have considered and argued that putting women into legal consideration and looking at them in the same breadth-equally-as men, whitethorn be the way to g o about achieving the goal liberating women. Today, the debate is not only with regards to gender engagement or sameness, feminist legal theorists have gone a step further and are to a greater extent concerned with how to transform legal values, logic and the perception of justice. This notion of considering law as a unbiased system of dispute resolution, regulation and justice,-a stand taken by liberal feminists-has been sharply criticized and rejected by contemporary feminist theorists, who have an issues with the concepts of objectivity, universalism, rationalism, and neutrality. They argue that defining law in the scientific sense without considering the political, virtuous and social reality is not the way to go an argument also held by legal realist theorists. Those ideologies held by liberal feminists are disregarded and attacked on various grounds by other feminists. Accordingly, all of them argue that, the legal notions of objectivity and righteousness are just but perc eptions that conceal the dominance and bias of the overabundant groups-male. The argument is that, if sexes are considered unequal, there is neither un-gendered perspective nor reality8. In particular, the concept of objectivity has been attacked and its gendered temper exposed by MacKinnon, who argues that, the dominance shown by the male, is the most obstinate and universal system of power9. Similarly, the concept of impartiality has

Shakespeare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Shakespeare - Essay ExampleSince Desdemona belongs to this decree, Iago successfully redirects Othellos misgiving towards her. Othello subconsciously supposes that Desdemona is one of the members of the society that would rather enslave him, if he did not have the military skill. As a result, he thinks that Desdemona could betray easily because of his racial inferiority. So, in a sense, his respectable position in the white society is also the platform of his own destruction. Indeed Iago knows this the race-induced anxiety of Othellos mind real well. Therefore, he successfully manipulates it to bring about his destruction. The following speech of Othello is quite emblematic of his inferiority-induced distrust for Desdemona This fallers of exceeding honesty And knows all quantities, with a learned spirit, Of human dealings Haply, for I am black And have not those soft parts of conversation That chamberers have, or for I am declined Into the vale of yearsyet thats not much Shes gon e, I am abused, and my relief must be to loathe her... .Look where she comes If she be false, heaven mocked itself. Ill not mean t. (Shakespeare Act III, Scene tether 257-278) In this soliloquy, Othello expresses his wavering belief in his wife Desdemonas chastity. ... He compares himself with other courtiers who are down and well-conversed than he is. He also touches on another possibility that Desdemona might cheat on him because he is old. just now immediately, he dismisses such possibility and retains his earlier assumption that Desdemona might have betrayed him because of his race. But at the end of this soliloquy he reasserts his faith in Desdemona If she be false, heaven mocked itself./ Ill not believe t. (Shakespeare Act III, Scene iii 257-278) Here one thing is vividly remarkable that Othello never interrogations Iagos rumor. Throughout the whole play, it seems that he hears and believes Iagos words without any much pass. Even more, he attests that Iago is an highly honest man who has a deep insight into human nautre, as he says, This fellows of exceeding honesty/ And knows all quantities, with a learned spirit, / Of human dealings (Shakespeare Act III, Scene iii 257-278). In this regard one may ask why a wise general fails to question Iagos integrity and whether Iago is expert enough to deceive the experienced general. Indeed there is no doubt that Iago is an expert manipulator. Though as an experienced general Othello should have questioned Iago prior to doubting his wife, he fails to do so because he might have been blindfolded partly by the fact that Iago belongs to the white society for whom he nourishes a sense of revere from the very starting of his free life in it. But he is mainly blindfolded by his distrust for the society. Though he never condemns the society directly, he holds himself his racial status responsible as an inborn sin or guilt of him. Such racial inferiority complex makes him insecure in the face of Iagos manipulation. In a racially-fragmented society, Othello have

In Asthmatic Children under the age of 5yrs is spacer inhaler more Essay - 1

In Asthmatic Children under the age of 5yrs is spacer respirator more beneficial than a nebulizer - Essay ExampleAsthma prevalence is increasing with corresponding improver in incidences of emergency department admissions. Pollution as well as changes in lifestyle has contributed signifi female genitaliatly in increasing the prevalence of asthma (Dhuper et al, 2011). Certain demographic factors much(prenominal) as poor socioeconomic status, are as well contributing to higher numbers of asthma prevalence among certain ethnic populations such as African American and Hispanic populations (Dhuper et al, 2011). Among children, asthma is found to be 10 to 15% predominant and a major cause of admissions to the emergency departments with high morbidity and mortality rates (Kovesi et al, 2010).Management of junior children remains a challenge as there are lot of constraints on the test results. Children establish less cooperation, are more anxious and are not in the development stage to study instructions or abide by them (Kovesi et al, 2010). The similar reasons are the cause of difficulty in diagnosing of the condition. While respire is a very common phenomena present in children, not all wheezing can be categorized as asthma. This is because wheezing pattern of breathing is quite similar to rackety breathing, which is caused by nasal secretions in children which they havent learnt to swallow (Kovesi et al, 2010). Children also show different asthma presentations as compared to adults (Kovesi et al, 2010). Therefore, the diagnosis of asthma is based mainly on symptoms and treatment responses than testing regularitys such as pulmonary function tests.Bronchodilator therapy remains a mainstay in the management of asthma conditions in children. The bronchodilator therapy can be carried out either orally or through inhalation. Inhalation therapy is now the preferred method of treatment of asthma symptoms due to lesser systemic effects as compared to oral therap y. Inhalation therapy is also speedier in remission of asthma

Historical Roots of the Conflict Leading to Genocide in Rwanda Essay

Historical Roots of the Conflict Leading to Genocide in Rwanda - analyze ExampleThere is a consensus about the multiplicity of the factors involved in the conflicts in Africa. Rwandas 1994 racial extermination case is not exception (Villier qtd. in Gaparayi 4).There are several views when it comes to defining the energizes of conflict, major focus of this report card is to identify and analyze the historical roots of the conflicts that led to racial extermination in Rwanda in 1994.Brief Overview of FactorsIn order to identify the cause of conflicts that led to genocide in Rwanda, some argue that its root cause is embedded in pre-colonial political and societal structures of Rwanda (Kangura 1995 J-J. Maquet 1961) while others argue that it initiated by the imposition of colonial powers which was a system of ethnic identicalness and political/administrative structures that led to division in Rwandan society (qtd. in Gaparayi 3).Moreover, colonial imposition was conserved by two H utu regimes since independence which finally led to the conflicts and 1994s genocide (Fundi qtd. in Gaparayi 3). Ethnic and Social Identities and RootsRwandan people are composed of two major groups, Hutu and Tutsi. Hutu are in majority comprising nearly 85 per cent of the population, Tutsi are 15 per cent while a third minority group Twa or pygmies comprise 1 per cent of total population. Hutu are considered to be settlers from south and west while the Tutsi people came to Rwanda after Hutu people from the north and east. These two groups organized themselves in semi-autonomous communities and established links through trade, marriage, and other social engagements. According to estimates, nearly half of Rwandans today piddle both Tutsi and Hutu ancestors. Therefore, a group of scholars believe that the difference among them were social and economical rather than their ethnic identity (IJR 7).Despite similarities and shared culture, there are several factors that separated Tutsi an d Hutu throughout history and kept the tension building. Tutsi onerousness Irrespective of their origins, these groups lived on same hills and shared similar social and political culture where identities are shared out more into clans rather than ethnicity. It continued until the second of half of nineteenth century. Tutsi King Rwabugiri (1860-95) intervened into the Hutu and Tutsis autonomous birth by introducing a form of feudal labor. According to this setting, Hutu access to land was allowed in return for labor. On the other hand, it exalted Tutsi status to cattle farmers. However, historical evidence suggests that these differing lines between Hutu and Tutsi continually blurred. It is because laborers acquired upward social mobility and status of Tutsi by getting cattle though marriages, barter, and trade. At the same time, some Tutsi became Hutus because of their declining economic conditions (IJR 7). compound Roots The Rwandan conflict was historically

Apartheid in South Africa and Segregation in America --Comparison Research Paper

Apartheid in conspiracy Africa and Segregation in America --Comparison - Research root ExampleIt may also occur due to a belief that one group is lowly to the other. This was seen in recent history in which two major instances of oppression took place Apartheid in South Africa and Segregation in America. Although, these countries are continents apart and had very different histories, they both practiced forms of oppression which light-emitting diode to the dehumanizing and harsh subjugation of the oppressed group. Apartheid and Segregation shared various aspects, just now also demonstrated plastered differences. The victims of oppression went about various courses to gain liberation in these countries. During this assignment it will be discovered how Apartheid and Segregation came into being. It will also be seen how these systems were implemented and what they entailed. Finally, the struggle for freedom will be looked at and how South Africa and America were turned into strong democratic countries. 2. BACKGROUND In April 1652 the initiatory Europeans, the Dutch under the leadership of Jan van Riebeeck, landed in present day Cape Town and after settled in South Africa. At first the plan was to set up a way station for ships that sailed from Europe to India. But later they wished to claim the land as their own however, they discovered that thither were local in habitants living on the land already, such as the Khoikhoi in the Cape region. For the about part these different groups coexisted however, when the Dutch began expanding they began using the locals for slaves to aid in tilling farmland and tending to home plate duties. When the settlers began moving further into the country, annexing the land, they discovered more natives. Often these natives were reluctant to give up their land and several(prenominal) wars over land, water and grazing supplies broke out, such as the border wars against the Xhosa. This led to many deaths, malignity and fear of one another1. The British were conducting the practice of Colonialism in various parts of the world and when it seemed as though Napoleon was taking interest in South Africa the British colonized the Cape in 1795. The first British settlers arrived in South Africa in 1820 and were given farmland by the colonialists. The Dutch, which were now known as the Boers, were forced to live under British rule. Their education was no longer in Dutch but completely in English and they could only practice the Anglican form of religion and not their Neder Duitse form. The Boers were only involved in agricultural practices, making their financial standing far below that of the British and when bondage was abolished by Britain in 1834, the living standards of the Boers further declined. This led to the Groot Trek by the Boers. They embarked on a journeying to find their own independent land. This led to the creation of the two Boer republics, the Orange Free State and Transvaal. The British also delegated certain land, which was known as reserves, for the black tribes to live in. Often these reserves were too tiny for all the people and the land was barren, making living conditions difficult. The British brought into being certain legislation which limit the right ons of Black and Indian people such as, the Natal Legislative Assembly Bill (1894), which deprived Indians of the right to vote the General Pass Regulations Bill (1905), which prohibited blacks from voting, limited them to fixed areas and introduced the Pass System the Asiatic Registration Act (1906) which required all Indians to register and carry passes and the South Africa Act (1910) that enfranchised whites,

Assignment on Eastern and Western Europe Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On Eastern and Western Europe - Assignment ExampleDue to the second World War, the so called compact Curtain was established in Eastern and Central Europe. During this time, the Soviet Union established a hearty program of influence on many of these Eastern Bloc countries, making them so called satellite states, chthonic complete control of the Soviet Union, sometimes through its support of autocratic dictators. This reflected the historical problems of approaching legitimate communism from an Eastern Bloc perspective, as a direct result of the growing tensions between the ground forces and USSR in post-World War II Berlin. After the closing off of Berlin and the separation of an entire city by the infamous Berlin Wall, the stage was set for the metaphor of the literal division of Europe. In the west, there was a bay window of cultural and hegemonic influence from societies based on the concept of approaching socialism in some cases, nevertheless not true communism, and in man y cases, very strong capitalism. In the east, there was the dominance of the Soviet power, which then aligned with local power in the creation of Eastern and Central European marionette regimes.2Central European countries that were more Western in their focus include Hungary and Poland. Eastern countries included the Baltic states and more northern atomic number 18as. Poland seems to the lay person to be more similar to Germany than to Russia. The Czech state seems closer to Germany as well, considering the amount of German spoken there. Hungary seems more Russian, as do the Baltics. Of course, there are objective and subjective considerations to keep in mind, when it comes to ascribing national characteristics, or characteristics that are seen or said to be based on nationality. In any case, the cultural influence of other states and cultures can be divided between western and eastern ideas, in terms of political structure, and if the east is considered to be

Business Research Discussion Week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Research Discussion Week 6 - Essay typesetters caseThe technique would enable gathering of pertinent discipline which were not captured in the eye-tracking software, such as the suggestions on improvement and assessment of usability from the users perspectives. As emphasized, while the annotation method may be used to find a wide variety of behavior, cognitive phenomena such as attitudes, motivations, and preferences cannot be observed. As a result, observation seek cannot provide an explanation of why a behavior occurred or what actions were intended (Zikmund, Babin, Carr, & Griffin, 2012, p. 236). Therefore, the brief work or questionnaire would collect study on attitudes or preferences which could not have been made possible with excellent eye-technique (or observation) method.What advantages exist of one research design over the other with regard to measuring the physiological reactions of research participants? What might be some ethical implications of observat ional methods? Under what circumstances might it be considered indite?The advantage of the eye-tracking software is in measuring the physiological reactions through the natural tendencies of responding to visual appeal. The benefit of soliciting information through a brief survey is that the incorporation of cognitive skills that rationalize focusing on information deemed to be appealing or catchy. The observation methods should abide by standards of ethics in terms of soliciting the praise of participants in the research. Profiling is defined as the recording and analysis of a persons psychological and behavioral characteristics, so as to assess or predict their capabilities in a certain study or to assist in identifying a particular subgroup of people (Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 1). As such, the eye-tracking software falls inwardly the profiling aspect since the information gathered enables Mazda to determine particular aspects (or profile) of users who exhibit

Computer Professional Ethics Journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer Professional Ethics Journals - canvas ExampleIn this digital age of technology, computer scientists are having difficulty in implementing and controlling the access code of tuition, particularly in various web sites. This is also the quality for computer software/programs that are oft being pirated (or distributed illegally) across the globe. At some instances, such programs are being illegally adulterated to emotional state as the same as that of the original, thus this can easily apply for intellectual property rights (this scenario had been the case of Microsoft as the Internet Explorer was patterned after Netscapes technology).With such privacy laws and principles, third-party users and computer scientists leave alone be able to safeguard their rights against pirates who would do anything just to get hold of such technology and travail it for their own consumption. Furthermore, such laws are essential in safeguarding computer programs or other related information that are critical, not only to the overall welfare of the computer scientist, but as well as to the welfare of the digital

The Galapagos Islands Essay Example for Free

The Galapagos Islands EssayThe Galapagos Islands were first inscribed as a World Heritage site in endangerment in 1978. This was extended in 2001 and they were again inscribed in June 2007. The islands ar found on the Pacific Ocean, 1000 kilometer from the South American continent, they be in Ecuador. They are 19 islands which lie on equator so their oceansons vary very little. They look at been cal direct a unique living museum and showcase of organic evolution. (www. whc. unesco/org/en/danger). The islands were formed by seismic and volcanic activities which are still ongoing processes. These together with the extreme isolation of the islands, led to the development of unusual sensual life such as the land iguana, giant tortoise and many types of finch. The finch inspired Darwins theory of evolution following his visit in 1835. The islands are referred to as an archipelago as they are very isolated from the warm continent and the islands themselves are separated from on e a nonher. This separation and differences in humors favors evolutionary change. As a result, populations that are related follow separate evolution tracks leading to emergence of various species and even further diversification.The species so formed become very susceptible to changes in the environment. ( www. darwinfoundation. org) The uniqueness of the island lies in its marine and land ecosystems, and forepart of flora and fauna endemic to the islands and in most cases found nowhere else in the world. The marine ecosystem is tranquil of both cold and warm water current systems, marine landscapes bajos- these are underwater mountains formed by volcanic activity they rise almost to the oceans surface.Some of the coastal animals found in the Galapagos marine moderate are sea lions, fur seals, albatrosses, several species of booby, frigate bird species, sea turtles marine iguana, penguins and flightless cormorants. (www. darwin. foundation. org) The land habitats of the Galapag os are mainly determined by their phytology which is in unfreeze determined by the local climate. The vegetation of the field of honor is strongly zoned by altitude. The land ecosystem has such animal species as land iguanas, land snails, sieve rats among others. The Galapagos contain a total of 560 native species of flora,180 are endemic (www. darwinfoundation. org).Some of the coif species include scalesia, genus Opuntia cacti and the Galapagos rock-pursane and other lesser known species. Human intrusions threatening the area Threats to this hub of diversity are mainly in the form of fishing and tourism by human. In the 1990s, fishing led to a big dec in some of the marine species such as sea-cucumbers and sharks. Then, the fishermen would fish the sharks scarcely for their fins and the remainder of the sharks body would go to waste. Fishing is the second most important economic activity in the surface area and marine resources were overused by such practices as illegal fishing and over fishing.The dangers presented by the Galapagos fisheries are- i) Large external vessels fishing around the Galapagos pelagic zones and inside the Galapagos Marine Re coif (GMR) which is illegal. Long-lining and use of large seines are neo high-technology methods with devastating effects of depleting marine species. (www. darwinfoundation. org) ii) There has also been a rapid influx of poor fishermen from the mainland of Ecuador who serve the interests of mainland fishing companies and middlemen bargainers.The fishermen are provided with capital in the form of a loan by the fishing companies to buy boats and equipment. The fishermen then sell the catch to the companies the catch is later sold in the international market oddly the Asian market. The influx has led to the human explosion existence experienced in the islands and also the in-migration brings with it encroaching(a) species which compete with the natural species of the islands decrease their survival chances. ( www-darwinsfoundation. org) Tourism is the leading economic activity in the Galapagos Islands.Tourism has grown economically at 14% per year and this has lead to the Galapagos experiencing drastic, friendly, economic, cultural and bionomical changes. (www. galapagos. org) The dangers that immigration poses include increase pollution, overuse of resources and eventually a charge in climate and introduction of invasive species. A change in climate impart lead to loss of some of the species in the island. encroaching(a) species refers to alien plants, diseases, insects and other organisms that plurality bring inadvertently to the islands. There are now 1,321 introduced species, compared to 112 identified in 1990.These include 748 species of introduced plants compared to 500 species of native plants and at least 490 species of introduced insects. The risk of the arrival of pathogens such as the westmost Nile virus, insect pests, and new predators is now high- Dengue-carr ying mosquitoes and some avian diseases are new arrivals in the islands. (www. galapagos. org,2007) Existing protective breed areas The Galapagos Islands extradite several protection areas. The Galapagos National Park (GNP) is one of this. 97% of the area covered by islands was designated as a national honey oil in 1959.The lands not included were the settlement areas. Later in 1967, a park service Galapagos National Park service (GNPS) was set up to oversee centering and administration of the park. The GNP is made up of 13 large islands, 17 small islands and 40 rocks. (www. galapagos. org/). The park authorities educate the visitors and enforce the laws and regulations of the park. The GNPS also oversees the management and administration of the Galapagos Marine halt (GMR) which was set up in 1998, another protection area. The GMRs function is to protect the waters surrounding the archipelago.3000 species of marine plant and animals are found in the GMR. The necessity of the G MR became apparent when in the 1990s fishing activities around the archipelago increased and almost had devastating effects on the marine species due to the high demand of both sea cucumbers and sharks fins. The GNPS also approves itineraries. This ensures that no one place is too frequently visited. This serves to distribute tourism to all the islands, decreasing chances of harm to the environment. The GNPS works together with the Charles Darwin Foundation, now known as the Galapagos Conservancy.The foundation provides the scientific and technical know-how demand in maintenance of the natural biodiversity and ecosystems of the islands. Other protected areas include Sangay National Park, Limoncocha Reserve, and Antisana Ecological Reserve which has the Antisana venthole that is 5758 meters high. The reserve was created in 1993. The Cuxabeno Forest Reserve is another protected area, for two thirds of the year the forest is subaquatic in water and when it is not, it is made up of d ry futbol fields (www. ecuador. com/,2007). It was established in 1979. Part of the 6000 square Kilometer rain forest makes up part of the Amazon Rain forest.There are autochthonal people found in this forest whose contribution to reservation is through jungle tours and eco-tourism. Existing efforts in Galapagos to protect and preserve the area include- i) Registration of fishermen to fishermens cooperatives. This has en up to(p)d the monitoring of fishermens activities and from this an estimate of how such(prenominal) fishing is going on can be got. Also, it makes it easier to track illegal fishing. ii) Establishment of the Galapagos Marine Reserve in March 1998. In this area, all fishing is banned. The area covered by the GMR was expanded TO cover 40 miles around the whole archipelago.These are also zones of protection around the islands. All these are patrolled by GNPs park rangers. The sea shepherd conservation society assists with carrying out patrols in the service. iii) Ap proving the designation of the Galapagos Archipelago as Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) by the Marine Environment Protection Committee(MEPC). PSSA is defined by the International Marine Organization (IMO) as an area that needs special protection through accomplish by IMO because of its significance for recognized ecological socio economic or scientific reasons and because it may be under fire(predicate) to damage by international shipping activities.(IMO,2001www. dorwinfoundation. org) iv) Introduction of residence controls which decrease immigration and in turn lower the flow of alien species. The aim is to curb population growth. The controls are however difficult to tool because it is difficult to determine genuine residents and those who come and go but have permanent residence elsewhere. (www. law. emory. edu/ ) v) rearing of residents, tourists and Galapagos policy makers on how beneficial sound conservation, practices, polity and sustainable economic activities are for example determination alternative viable economic activities for the local fishermen.vi) The success of Project Isabela. This project has seen a large area being freed of feral goats and pigs. Subsequently there has been an increase in Galapagoss rails. Areas that had been previously degraded have now become resting areas for petrels and re- origination of vegetation like tree-terns and endemic scalesia has occurred. Also native invertebrates thought to be dead are now being identified (www. darwinfoundation. org, 2007) vii) Successful breeding programs for tortoise run by the Charles Darwin Foundation and GPNS has led to repopulation of some islands with their native reptile species.The giant tortoise was becoming extinct due to hunting by humans and other animals. (www. galapagos. org) viii) Inclusion of various sectors in the management board of the Galapagos National Park service has been subservient in bringing about an attitude of conservation and preservation. At first the local people matt-up that the government was only concerned about plant and animal life. The multisectoral approach involves key players in fishing, tourism and conservation sectors and also the local person. (www. galapagos.online/) Including the local people has helped to enhance the concept of conversation because the local people no longer feel neglected. Should human intrusion go unchecked, the loss exit be great. precaution of the rich biodiversity of the islands is achievable of the ecosystem can support sustainable economic use where the local people, conservationist and players in tourism and fishing industry feel their needs have been put into consideration. An example of how the biodiversity can disoriented is seen in the fact that the present tortoise population is very small.Poaching, destruction of habitats and the presence of invasive species are the main dangers to the tortoise population. (www. galapagos. org, 2007). Though the near extinction of the giant t ortoise caught the attention of people and the process was reversed the giant tortoise is not out of the woods yet, and the work of repatriation needs support. In the process of poaching the tortoise, various invasive species which trampled on the tortoises habitat were limited and multiplied faster than the tortoise would, leading to destruction of the tortoise habit.The mangrove finch is another species being driven towards extinction. Again the greatest threat to be mangrove forests and the finches is the exploding human presence in the Galapagos. (http//www. galapagos. org/about. html). change magnitude activity among humans increases the risk of disease further especially avian pox, black rats, cats, fire ants the bloodsucking fly philornis. All threaten the mangrove finch as well as vulnerable species in Galapagos (http//www. galapagos. org/about. html. ) For the mangrove finch to be saved there has to be study of the mangrove finch and its habitat.Activities that would requi re support in the mangrove finch conservation project include ? Creating potential captive breeding facilities for the mangrove finch. ? Resting degraded mangrove finch ecosystem, including establishment of new mangrove forest plots. ? Releasing the captive-bred birds to sites on Isabela and Fernandina islands where the mangrove finch once thrived. For the future generations to be able to see and be part of the abundant biodiversity in the Galapagos islands the necessary funds and a coalition of lead are needed to successfully conserve and preserve the world heritage site.Otherwise, we risk losing not just an area rich in natural biodiversity but a site of origin of human philosophical system and in the process part of the human race. Because of ecological interdependence, there can be no climate changes that will affect animals and plants only, whatever adverse effects will affect flora and fauna will also affect the human race. This means that no part of the ecosystem will be sp ared the price of not doing all that is necessary to protect and preserve the balance of nature. ConclusionIslands are generally smaller than Continental areas but are basically more or less the same with similar social, economic and ecologic changes happening. This then means that islands can and should serve as a model to the rest of the world for these changes (www. darwinsoundation. org). In coming up with solutions to the Galapagos problems we are more or less coming up with a ideal to solve problems that will occur in other continents of the world, but if we cannot resolve the issues then it means that we will also fail in achieving a society where there is a balance of nature and social economic sustainability in the rest of the world.ReferencesCharles Darwin foundation, Galapagos Risk Ground Breaking Analysis Produced retrieved July 6 from http//www. org/en/depository library/pubs/2007/galapagos Galapagos Conservancy, Breaking News Galapagos in Danger Retrieved July 6 from http//www. galapagos. org/about. html. Protected areas Retrieved July 7 from httpwww. ecuador. com/protected-areas UNESCO, Galapagos islands, Retrieved July 7 from http//whc. unesco. org/en/danger UNESCO World Heritage in Danger List July 7 from http//whc. unesco. org/en/danger/ .

CAPE Industrial Services - case study Essay Example for Free

CAPE industrial function case study Essay1.0 IntroductionIn response to the increased importance of armed servings, numerous articles on issues related to the effective forethought of supporter trading operations chip in appeargond in twain academic and practitioner found publications (Chase and Hayes, 1991 Karmarker and Pitbladdo, 1995 Kellogg and Nie, 1995 Lovelock, 1992 Roth and Van Der Velde, 1991). Several of these articles present typologies of operate and provide directions for improving shade, productivity and operating efficiency, heretofore relatively little has been done to test the proposed ideas.In order to understand more of these various advantage management typologies, an actual business organisation that focuses on providing serve will be observed and analysed. In the discussion, the design and strategies of the selected smart set in the Oil diligence service sector will be interpreted into account. Recommendations for changement will also be provided at the end of the discussion.2.0 Model of the divine serviceThe variety of the service sector makes it complicated to come up with useful generalisations concerning the management of service organisations. Therefore, a capacious summation of research has been focused on developing service classification schemes. For example, Judd (1964) classified services according to trine categories rented goods, owned goods and non-goods services. Similarly, Rathmell (1974) categorised services according to type of buyer, buyer motives, buying practices, type of seller, and degree of regulation. pull down though these classifications show how some services atomic number 18 different from the differents, they do not provide frequently useful insight into the design and management of service processes from an operational perspective. more than recent classification schemes have explored the complex nature of service deli very systems with the goal of identifying differentiating characteristics, which affect musical note and process improvement, as substantially as service design. For example, Shostack (1977) and Sasser, Olsen and Wyckoff (1978) developed the purpose of product-service-package based on the tangible versus intangible nature of services.More recent researchers however believe in an integrated approach to service management. For example, Thomas (1978) argues that a spacious part of manufacturing experience is irrelevant to the management of service operations because the supply services are very different from that of manufacturing. Sullivan (1981) and Bowen and Cummings (1990) also advocate an integrated approach to service management and suggest that operations management researchers must include organisational behaviour and selling constructs and techniques to address service operations problems adequately.The means of classifying service models are indeed varied. For this particular analysis though, the model proposed by Schmenner (19 86), also known as the Service Process Matrix (SPM), will be used. The SPM expands the node- inter-group communication model and categorises services on two dimensions. One is dig intensity, and the former(a) is node contact and service customisation. Schmenner (1986) proposed a two-by-two service process matrix that classifies services as service elementy, service shop, mass service, and professional service. Under these models, CAPE Industrial service rear end be classified under the Professional Service category. Professional service is described as the provision of services with proud customer contact and or customisation and high labour intensity.Labour intensity on the other hand is defined as the ratio of the labour cost incurred to the value of the plant and equipment. A high labour intensity business involves relatively small plant and equipment investment relative to a considerable amount of croper age, effort, and cost. The second dimension in the classification s cheme combines two distinct concepts customer interaction and customisation. A service with a high level of interaction is one in which the customer bath actively intervene in the service process. A service with high customisation will work to satisfy an individuals particular preferences.The joint measure has a high value when a service exhibits both a high level of interaction and a high level of customisation for the customers. In the selected business, CAPES trading operations management has a high contact with customers who need to be kept informed of the service range existence delivered to them. Thus, high customisation or high selection on the services expirering in this type of Industry. Also, CAPE put on a high labour intensity as the Oil Industry service sector is primed(p) globally, in short the service range offered by CAPE is readily rise to powerible, incurring fewer be for equipment and labour.3.0 Service Design and DeliveryThe contracts that are held by CAP E require daily customer contact on a personal level, having designated affair Delivery Managers for these contracts assist the customers with what they need for their services. So as to aver the efficiency and speed of service, there are also designated digest managers. These managers have aeonian contact with the inshore or onshore facility, this is handled in such a way that both the customer and the CAPE Business Delivery Manager are aware of all the daily operations that are on going.The services rendered by CAPE Industrial Services are a vast range of Multi-Disciplined Fabric aid and Access techniques to Oil and Gas Sector. Charges built into the contract rates cover the be of the additional project management. At times, services are requested that are not of the norm for CAPE, to service these Third society companies are brought in under the CAPE banner. While the cost of these services may vary a great deal from the standard contract rates, excellent service is a mu st. Thus, extra costs are incurred for additional time and effort put into the contract by the CAPE managers.So as to make the services offered by CAPE more affordable and viable for their customers the company tends to work on providing innovative ideas that will improve work ethics. Typical innovative ideas are the Introduction of Industrial Rope Access this is a returns to the customer as it cuts out the need for Scaffold or other means of conventional access solutions. Like other service companies, one of the common strategies of CAPE is to offer a volume brush aside or a reduced rate if the period of the contract apprize be extended.4.0 Service schemeService companies in the Oil and Gas Industry have numerous strategies on how their rendered services can be better than competitors. Aside from maintaining case and safety in service, one of the aims of the CAPE Industrial Services is to provide innovative ideas to their customers that will keep them ahead of their competitor s whilst at the same time providing cost savings and improvements in quality to the customer.Improvements in the equipments and materials that are available in the Oil Industry also aid in achieving the quality of service. Industrial Rope Access for instance, helps in reducing time scales for accessing work sites. Hence, this reduces costs to the customer. Using the appropriate tools in the work-site also helps to improve quality and time-scales. This goal of the company does not provided facilitate in serving the customer appropriately, just now most importantly it shows that the Oil and Gas Industry service area prioritises its customers. This in turn results to high customer satisfaction and loyalty.5.0 Service Encounter wad in the ServicePersonnel working for CAPE Operations include Operations managers, Project Managers, QA/QC and HSE Managers, proficient Clerks and Secretarys. Each of these employees has their own designated duties and responsibilities in the area. This wa y, efficiency of service is maintained in the Company.Of course problems might occur in any type of businesses, a company is bound to make erroneousnesss if there are no careful observations to their businesses. One of the problems that a company like CAPE might encounter is the companys personnel or human resource mis involves. The reason for this is the lack in the training it provides for its personnel. The training and development of each employee is very significant as this does not only help in providing confidence in work performance, but it also helps in maintaining quality service. So it is advisable for CAPE Industrial Services to train their employees hygienic to provide their customers with better satisfaction.6.0 Managing Service Expectation and CapacityIn times when demands for services increase, CAPE Industrial Services tries to cope by conducting reliable forecasts. The company so as to keep track of its activities on a regular basis keeps records of previous busine ss operations. This aids the managers from predicting sudden increases of service demand. In order to cope with peak months for ad-hoc services, the customers managers are advised to make their project plans ahead of time. Through this system, CAPE is able to plan ahead for availableness of equipment, consumables and personnel that will be used for upcoming projects.7.0 RecommendationsOne of the problems that the organisation might face is the mistake their site personnel are committing because of their lack of training and development. As previously mentioned, this is a vital factor so as to maintain efficient service in the company and lessen the number of mistakes which can be made on one of the sites. In order to remedy this problem, the managers can plan an effective and appropriate program for each employee based on their respective duties within the company. The managers can also implement a system at the sites wherein the older workers with more site experience can assist impudently hired employees. This can be a more appropriate method of training as the impression of the workers to the actual work area can help them adjust to the nature of their job. Regular evaluation of the workers can help in improving the skills of the workers and keep them up to date of their current work performance. In this way, quality of service is maintained and skills are enhanced.Overall, the performance of CAPE Industrial Services is efficient. Considering its effective strategies and significant goals for quality service, it is enough to say that the services provided by CAPE are good and successful. However, there are other factors that are to be considered in this type of service. The consideration of these factors will not only help the company in serving their customers better, but it will also help them maintain quality and service provided to lively and potential rude(a) customers.8.0 Operational Improvement Through the Use of TechnologyIn reality, the world of a service company in the Oil and Gas Industry is changing. The expectations of people are different than those of retiring(a) generations, Safety and Quality are becoming more important features of the industry each year, cost pressures stay to mount, and new information technologies have changed operational functions (Cushman and Shanklin, 1996 Bowers, 1987). As a result, the captive market plan concept is declining and the services are being exposed to a greater amount of competition than in the past. due(p) to these changes, the old strategies of a service company system must also adapt. This adaptation will emphatically contribute to sufficient flexibility that will meet customers needs in an ever-changing environment patch retaining the beneficial aspects of a Multi-Disciplined service provider. As CAPE is focused on giving their customers a quality service, one of the possible strategies that can be employed by the company is the application of the One preventive Shop Fabric Maintenance service provider.As information technologies have advanced, the virtual(prenominal) organisation concept has been promoted as an alternative too traditional, vertically integrated organisational structures (Goldman et al, 1995). In virtual organisations, a lead entity creates an union with a set of other organisations (Grenier Metes, 1995). The tasks performed by the virtual organisation are divided among the entities that comprise it, based upon their respective competencies. virtual(prenominal) organisations can produce superior results because they harness market forces to combine competencies in shipway that traditional organisations, using internal mechanisms, cannot (Chesbrough Teece, 1996).Once constituted, the lead organisation operates the virtual organisation by co-ordinating line of latitude tasks through the use of sophisticated information technologies and management systems, thus creating a coherent system. A virtual organisations membership ch anges over time as market conditions and technologies shift and the strategies and resources of the constituent organisations evolve. While virtual organisations are most often found in high technology industries such as the development of new computer systems, some characteristics of CAPE Industrial Services make it amenable to the successful operation of a company that services the needs of the Oil and gas Industry.9.0 ConclusionWhile CAPES Operations may take a lot of resources to maintain the business and the quality of service provided, the benefits that it can provide outweigh the get down incurred. Aside from that, the services offered by CAPE will definitely increase in quality, hence, greatly modify to the goals of the company. Through careful and effective planning, budgeting and implementation, CAPE Industrial Services can begin on devising little changes, improving the company one step at a time. The important thing is that constant adaptation to change is being done and that the Operations management is coming up with ways on how to improve the services that are provided by the company and keeping the customer coming back.10.0 ReferencesBowen, D.E., and Cummings, T.G. (1990). Suppose we took service seriously. In Service Management Effectiveness, New York Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1-4Chase, R.B., and Hayes, R.H. (1991). Beefing-up operations in service firms. Sloan Management Review, 33 (1), 15-26Chesbrough, H. W., and Teece D. J. (1996, January-February). When is Virtual virtuous? Organising for innovation. Harvard Business Review, 65-73Goldman, S. L., Nagel, R. N., and Preiss, K. (1995). Agile Competitors and Virtual administrations Strategies for Enriching the Customer. New York Van Nostrand ReinholdGrenier R., and Metes, G. (1995). Going Virtual Moving Your Organisation Into the 21st Century. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall PTR www.soc.napier.ac.uk/module.php3?op=getlecturecloaking=nolectureid=1935516Karmarkar, U.S., and Pitbladdo, R. ( 1995). Service markets and competition. Journal of Operations Management, 12 (4), 397-411Kellogg, D.L. and Nie, W. (1995). A framework for strategic service management. Journal of Operations Management, 13, 323-337Lovelock, C.H. (1992). A basic toolkit for service management. In Managing services marketing, operations, and human resources 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice HallRoth, A.V., and Van Der Velde, M. (1991). Operations as marketing A competitive service strategy. Journal of Operations Management, 10 (3), 303-328Judd, R.C. (1964). The case for redefining services. Journal of trade, 28, 1Rathmell, J.M. (1974). Marketing in the service sector, Cambridge, MA WinthropSchmenner, R.W. (1986). How can service businesses survive and prosper. Sloan Management Review, 27 (3), 21-32Shostack. G.L. (1977). Breaking devoid from product marketing. Journal of Marketing, 41 (4)Sullivan, R.S. (1981). The service sector Challenges and imperatives for research in operations management. Jo urnal of Operations Management, 2 (4), 211-214Thomas, D.R.E (1978). Strategy is different in service businesses. Harvard Business Review, 56 (4), 158-165

The Australian Financial Review Essay Example for Free

The Australian Financial refresh EssayAccording to the Australian Financial Review (2013), Tesco has agreed to form a 20/80 joint venture with china Resource Enterprises. This world-class occurs in the light of the declining retail environment in Europe and aims to combine Tescos 134 Chinese branches with 2,986 outlets from the china Resources Vanguard business. This deal pass on provide a strong platform for Tesco to enter the Chinese market and establish market leadership by improving its offering for customers within the region. ApplicationTescos intend expansion in China is the direct result of the declining stinting environment in Europe, which has lead to a dramatic shift in sociocultural spending patterns. This has impacted Tesco negatively as a 0. 2% reduction in European private consumption from 2007 to 2011 (Roxburgh 2012) saw a ? 1 billion belittle in Tescos European sector revenue from 2009 to 2011 (Tesco 2009 Tesco 2011). As a response, Tesco has initiated a strategic bail with China Resource Enterprises in a bid to solidify its market position in China.This fusion greatly assists Tesco in overcoming cultural differences as Inkpen and Tsang (2005) explains that firms operating in culturally distant nations can supplement k no(prenominal)edge from local partners to better understand host markets. This is important as the UK and China are conglomerate in a multitude of cultural dimensions (Hofstede 1984). Through this trammel, Tesco can overcome its liability of foreignness by utilizing the existing brand reputation of its partner since 45% of Chinese consumers display a high take aim of brand loyalty (Magni and Atsmon 2012), prevalent in a long term orientation focused culture.This alliance furthermore allows Tesco to transform into a multi-format retailer (Australian Financial Review 2013), which is consistent with changing consumption preferences intend by the increasingly popularity of hypermarkets. This multi-purpose shopping location has subsequently become a staple for consumers with average growth rates of 20% per annum since 2003 (Herring et al. 2012). This changing sociocultural trend provides Tesco with a myriad of opportunities in China. Analysis Tescos expansion strategy in China will provide numerous opportunities for growth.This stems from a mixture of Chinese economic and regulatory factors which contribute to an increasingly consumption-driven demographic. According to Woetzel, Li and Cheng (2012), regulatory initiatives on raising minimum wage levels have already increased disposable income per capita by 19. 7% in 2012. This combined with pecuniary reforms aimed at increasing market competition will help expand private sector activity, in turn boosting employment and accelerating household income growths by 9% per annum.As a result of improving economic conditions, Woetzel, Li and Cheng predict national consumption to rise by 8% per annum and increase threefold from 30,000RMB in 2012 to 92,000RMB in 2030. These consumption patterns provide a myriad of sale opportunities for Tesco. hitherto these benefits are overshadowed by an aging population and a reduction in the available workforce. According to Atsmon et al. (2012), China is experiencing rising life expectancies and falling birth rates, and estimates the proportion of population over 65 will increase from 10% to 15% in the near future.This is problematic as Bongaarts (2004) secerns public pension benefits impose serious economic burdens on the workings population and may lead to a rise in taxation. This factor is worsened by a reduction in the available working age population which according to Evans-Pritchard (2013) has already increased salaries by 16% annually in the past decade. This may increase Tescos operating costs, which will center profitability. Although faced with an ageing population, Woetzel, Li and Cheng (2012) reveal that increasing government subsidies towards social security could stren gthen Chinas safety net.This combined with increasing urbanization and a rising middle class will spur consumption, counteracting the effects of an ageing population. Golley and Meng (2011) also provide evidence against labour shortages in China and state there is still an abundance of under-employed workers in rural regions. They argue unique Chinese institutions and policies have certified migration into cities and regulatory reforms can see migrant workers double from 150 to 300 million, thereby negating significant allowance increases. bodily Social Responsibility and Sustainability Tesco has recently introduced a variety of sustainability and ethical sourcing initiatives, reflecting an increased commitment towards CSR. However these programs were only initiated after negative publicity generated by Friends of Earth (2005), which accused Tesco of using their market author to reduce supplier prices and operating energy intensive facilities. According to Becker-Olsen et al. (20 06), this is a reactive rather than proactive strategy and confirms Piacentini et al.s (2000) study, which exposed that being recognized as a socially responsible family was the main reason food retailers adopt CSR rather than philanthropic reasons. Consequently, Tescos CSR initiatives can only be classified as a CSR grasp on Freeman and Hasnaouis (2010) continuum as they are merely strategies that ensure competitiveness. Although superficial, these CSR initiatives do however set standards for competitors and can encourage future CSR advancements as firms compete to be recognized as the most socially responsible retailer. Reference list Atsmon, Y., Magni, M. , Li, L. , and Liao, W. 2012, Meet the 2020 Chinese Consumer, McKinsey Company, China, viewed 4 October 2013, Becker-Olsen, K. L. , Cudmore, B. A. , Hill, R. P. 2006, The impact of perceived corporate social responsibility on consumer behavior, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 46-53. Bongaarts, J. 2004, Popu lation aging and the rising cost of public pensions, Population and Development Review, Vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1-23. Evans- Pritchard, A. 2013, Shortage of workers to parry Chinas growth, Sydney Morning Herald, 6 February, p.6. Freeman, I. and Hasnaoui, A. 2010, A four-nation study of the meaning of corporate social Responsibility, legal proceeding from the 7th Congres de lAderse, March 2010. La Rochelle, France. Friends of Earth 2005, The Tesco Takeover, Friends of Earth, London, viewed 5 October 2013, Golley, J. , Meng, X. 2011, Has China run out of additional labour? , China Economic Review, Vol. 22 no. 4, pp. 555-572. Herring, L. , Hui, D. , Morgan, P. , Tufft, C. 2012, Inside Chinas hypermarkets Past and prospects, McKinsey Company, China, viewed 4 October 2013, Hofstede, G.1984, Cultural dimensions in management and planning, Asia Pacific journal of management, Vol. 1 no. 2, pp. 81-99. Inkpen, A. C. , Tsang, E. W. 2005, Social capital, networks, and knowledge transfer, Ac ademy of management review, Vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 146-165. Magni, M. Atsmon, Y. 2012, Wooing the Fickle Chinese Consumer, Harvard Business Review, February, viewed 5 October 2013, Piacentini, M. , MacFadyen, L. , Eadie, D. 2000, Corporate social responsibility in food retailing, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 459-469. Roxburgh, C. , Labaye, E., Thompson, F. , Tacke, T. , Kauffman, D. 2012, Investing in growth Europes next challenge, McKinsey Company, viewed 4 October 2013, Tesco 2009, one-year Report and Financial Statements 2009, Tesco, Cheshunt, viewed 5 October 2013, Tesco 2011, Annual Report and Financial Statements 2011, Tesco, Cheshunt, viewed 5 October 2013, The Australian Financial Review. 2013, Tesco to form venture with Chinese retail monster, The Australian Financial Review, 2 October, viewed 4 October 2013, Woetzel, J. , Li, X. L. , Cheng, W. 2013, Whats next for China? , McKinsey Company, China, viewed 4 October 2013,

A World Affected by Pollution and Global Warming Essay Example for Free

A World Affected by Pollution and world(a) Warming EssayRoy M. Harrison.(2001) PollutionCause, Effects and Control. regal society of chemistry. This author concentrates mainly chemical and radioactive contaminant. The book speaks of the sources of pollutants and their resultant roles on both alert and non livings especially human. It also targets how chemical contaminant can also cause of water, air and land pollution.Agarwal S.K. body of water pollution. APH publishing(Jan.1 2005)The author bases the book on recent views, ideas and contribution of various leading ecologist information of water pollution. It show how to use waste water and its treatments.Irina Gray (2008). Pollution effects on humans, animals, plants and the environment. The writer shows the various types and causes of pollution and its effects on the environment. It shows the effect on human ranging mild discomfort to serious diseases. It also how the effect destroy animal life and the atmosphere. Credi t www.Tropical-Rainforest-Animals.comMargaret A. Wheatley(1996). Social and ethnic impact of mercury pollution on Aboriginal people in Canada. Neurotox 17(1), 251-256 The writer explores the link between mercury pollution and social cultural disruption in Canadian aboriginal communities. It shows the difficulties in communication that contribute to the social and cultural impacts and their health effects.CreditV. Ramanathan and G. Carmichael(2008). Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon.Nature Geoscience 221-221. The writers express how black carbon becomes air pollution and how it affects both the climate and the environment. This book said that the pollution affect different regions and the black carbon in soot is the dominant absorber of visible solar radiation in the atmosphere. Credit www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n4/full/ngeo/56.htmlS.Fred Singer.(1968) Global Effects of environmental pollution. Science 13 vol. 162 no 3859. The author talks the pollution ef fects on humans, animals, plants and the environment. It expresses the cause of pollution and how it causes the extinction of animals and plants species which is a grave loss for mankind. It shows how the advancement in technology back up the improvement of a well being of mankind but also its consequences. Credit books.google.com/booksClive Glifford (2006). Planet downstairs pressurepollution. Rain-tree ISBN-13 9781844439 744. The book examines how pollution has become a global issue and looks at the debate over possible solution. It shows how pollution whether air, water, radioactive or terrestrial affect the lives of a lot of people make disease and contributing to the global warming. Credit www.booksdirect.com.au/books/?isbn=9781844439744Green StudentU. Pollution.This is a encyclopedia entry which speaks of how toxic chemicals from factories choke the land, air and water. It explains what pollution is and why there are different types . Of the types, It takes of their sourc es and how to prevent them. It gives link to environment resistance agency website if to be involved in prevention of pollution. It also gives the statistics of the people affected by pollution and other. Credit www.greenstudentu.com/encyclopedia/pollution

Age of Iron by J.M. Coetzee Essay Example for Free

Age of Iron by J.M. Coetzee EssayThe extract from the prose Age of Iron written by J.M. Coetzee is about the depiction of different generations conflicting with one a nonher. This extract is set up as an grey-haired keen cleaning woman a one-way conversation during the 1990s. This extract illustrates the girlish male child organism labored in listening to the previous(a) wise womans opinion about the cons of the apartheid, more specific all t elderlyy being the struggle. end-to-end the prose, the four-year-old male child refuses to listen to the voice of agency and shows the old wise woman that with stubbornness and self-determination, youth children do not accept what they are told from authority. With the portrayal of the cardinal generations conflicting, the extract suggests that the immense amount of sour of authority can play a major role on younger generations leading them to read the wrong path.This prose is shown as a one-way conversation and is during the time period of the 1990s which is besides know as the South African Apartheid. With the Apartheid regime, the musical note of the extract is in a depressed mood because of their deal to freedom. The old wise womans opinions are demonstrated through her stream of consciousness and moves from quick dialogue with the young male child to descriptions cover the acute imagery of the fight. The depressed plot of this extract shows the social activism of the younger generation and the minorities in South Africa scrap for their own rights. The old womans advice is however being ignored from the young boy who refuses due to his stubbornness and goes onto the wrong path putting himself into great danger.The setting of this prose most likely takes channelise in the old womans house because of the depiction that the old woman doesnt have bandages in the house. This shows that the young boy illustrates the dramatic beginning by making splashing noises indicating that it was rainy day outside and he indispensable to go inside somewhere dry. Since the young boy went inside the old womans house without knocking, this shows that there is a family data link between the old woman and the boy however not a strong connection because of the one-way dialogue throughout the prose. However, they do have family connection where the boy visits often because she notices the bandage is morose and with surprise she noticed that the stitches were still in.This line depicts that she cares for the boy and that there is a family connection between the two characters because of the connection of the boy being able to go into her house and the fact that he has visited before with a bandage on. The prose indeed continues into short dialogue, demonstrating that the narrator is represented as a getly figure because of the tone of caring in the dialogue such as when did you leave the hospital and you must keep that have sex covered, oppositewise it will get infected The protagonis t in this prose is represented as a mother figure because of the consecutive questions she asks the boy about his cut and exaggerates that it will leave a memento on his forehead for the rest of his life.The protagonist is shown as a hen that loses its chicks because in the prose, the young boy that go into the protagonists house isnt blood-related to the old woman however, this line depicts that the old woman will still turn him as her own son because of the theme nature vs. nurture. The old woman also recommends to the young boy to go see a doctor soon, or a clinic to have the stitches taken out. This quotation also initiates the start out of the young boy choosing the wrong path in life, leading him into great danger because he modishly moves away from the topic by saying that he must rest his arm and his head is not sore. By saying this to the old woman, she immediately thinks that he is running away from someone and by being silent, she starts to show her caring and loving for the boy by tattle him advice.Since she asked the young boy with care and bang if he was running away from someone, and with no reply, the old woman got worried and starts to inform to the young boy again that he is too young for this kind of thing. The old woman starts to tell explain to the young boy that it is not a good thing to die and that even though he is fighting for his own rights during the war, he should be careful because they are throwing away their lives before they know what life can really be.It is also indicated in the prose, that she is an old person because she says so herself when she is explaining to the young boy. She also talks about Bheki, her son who died at a young age because he fought in the war however when she explained to the young boy that war isnt a good thing to participate he didnt understand because he asked after she had explained about the cons of war. The vivid imagery is brought out into that particular paragraph because she illustrates the war as an age of chivalry where men hack other men to death. However her strong opinion against the war didnt work on the young boy because he wasnt shaped at all because his desires were very strong about war.In the prose, the young boy has rebelled against the voice of authority (old woman_ by not paying upkeep to her when she was talking as she explained through dialogue and imagery that war isnt something to be proud about. However, the young boys desire grew and he became more passionate about the war showing that all of the immense influencing she did was a waste of time. Consequently, she gets furious when he asks where is Bheki. This shows that the young boy wasnt paying attention to the old woman and shows that he is also immature. This specific quotation indicates that the young boy isnt mature because he didnt understand her hint when she said that I told Bheki so Ill tell you again.This being the turning point of the prose, the old woman changes her voice of tone from soft and sweet into more of a demanding voice by telling him to sit down. As he follows her orders, she starts to explain that Bheki is actually in a box in a hole with earth heaped on top of him. She says this with great pain and as she quickly brushes that off her shoulders, she then changes her way of explaining to the boy into a more childish way. She starts to use basic terms for the young boy to understand as her diction goes from complex to simple.Her voice changes immediately and the old woman start to explain to the boy as if he was a little child who was learning to ride a bike. As the conclusion starts to approach, her mood also becomes more furious because she knows that compassions is the most important thing and pushes that war is a struggle and pain. With her great influence upon the young boy, he threw off the talk and chooses the path of war as a sign of discipline.In the prose Age of Iron the influence of authority is shown throughout the prose. With the old w oman trying to lure the young boy out from war is not successful as all the young boys listen to discipline and nothing else. However with him refusing the talk which had weighed down the generation of his grandparents and his generation of his parents he decided to choose the wrong path leading him into a great deal of danger. Even though, the old wise woman knew what she was talking about and had heard about past experiences through memory and sense-perception, her influence upon the boy was very significant however with the two generations conflicting, the immense amount of influence of the old wise woman wasnt successful which lead the young boy in choosing the wrong path.

Social Movements Essay Example for Free

Social Movements EssayAll societies undergo changes. In both(prenominal) cases these may be gradual, i.e., spread over a extensive period of time. In others they may be rapid. Social change, as we know by now, does not take place merely by come up or collect to some factors predetermined by fate. There argon several forces operating concurrently in party, which baffle about change. Some of these may be external to companionable institutions. Changes caused by a change in the economy or the production relations atomic number 18 mavin much(prenominal) instance. At the same time, there are change- producing agents inside a clubhouse as healthy. Social straw mans are one of these internal forces, which contribute to changes.A fond gesture is defined as sustained collective proceeding over time. * Such action is often directed against the state and takes the invent of demanding changes in state indemnity or practice. * Such collective action is often marked by orga nisation. Spontaneous, disorganised take issue cannot be cal lead a brotherly performance. * This organisation may allow in a leadership and a structure that defines how the members refer to one another, make decisions and carry them out. Those participating in a social movement have share objectives and ideologies. * The social movements are designed to promote change or resist change in the society in which the attempt is make. So collective attempt may be to alter, inaugurate, supplant, restore or doctor all or some aspects of the social order.In the recent literature, a distinction is often made between oldish and new social movements. This distinction is often stipulated on the ground that while old social movements are principally class-based and interested with issues of economic redistribution, the new social movements (NSMs) are commonly a feature of post-industrial or post juvenile societies. They are not narrowly caste based and generally piece questions like ec ological security system and climate change or hitherto neglected issues of gender, justice, sexuality etcetera However this distinction is neither precise nor universally valid. Old social movements were class based such as working class movements and peasant movements or anti-colonial movements.NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS (NSMs) peeled social movements are the products of a post-industrial social formation where the welfare state had made classic forms of exploitation and deprivation obsolete but where modern society created new forms of alienation. These movements demonstrated that class had perish redundant as organising form of social identity and action. Some of the recent movements particularly in and after the 1960s in atomic number 63 such as peace movement, ecological movement, womens movement etc. are called new social movement. In India, enormous increase of middle class and in student population as well as a surge of political activism in the 1970s and 1980s engendered a new phenomenon, depict as new social movements.These movements revolve around the issue of identity dalit, adivasi, women, human rights, environment etc. They are called new social movements because they have raised the issues related to identity and self-direction which are non-class issues and do not con bird-scarer with the state. Issues that animate NSMs are less come to with economic production and redistribution than with removal of corruption, safeguard of environment, provision of civic utilities, gender equality and child rights, employment , rights of the most vulnerable and marginalised section of population like those living in hilly and forest areas and victims of big dams. Good governance and human rights generally are other areas where NSMs are much in evidence.Characteristics of New Social Movements are described under1. The New Social Movements (NSM) are not directing their collective action to state power. They are concerned with individual and collective morality. Individual membership or participation and motivation in all sorts of social movements contain a strong moral component and defensive concern with justice in the social and world order. These movements are primarily social and are more concerned with cultural sphere and mobilization of civil society on socio-cultural issues than with the political issues like seizure of power.2. The new social movements are not classbased. They are multi-class. In fact, they do not subscribe to the theory that society is divided on class line and the classes are antagonistic. The new social movements are either ethnic or superpatriotic and plural. Womens movement is an example. NSMs are not concerned for the benefit of one class or group. They are concerned for the good of every one irrespective of class.3. The new social movements are confined to and concerned with civil society. NSMs raise the issue of the self-defence of the community and society against the increasing expansion of th e state apparatuses agencies of charge and social control.4. NSMs are not around economic issues of land, wages or property. They are primarily concerned with self- identity and autonomy of an individual and community against the state, market and social institutions. Therefore, dalit movement for dignity and adivasis movement for their autonomy are treated as NSM.5. These movements tend to charge on single issues, transient questions, regional and topical anaesthetic issues and even sectional interests (which are aimed towards narrow identities than larger objective interests) for this reason they are often called micro movements. they catch on the long felt needs of locals and masses at the disempowered grassroots in the croak heavy political and economic systems of India.6. NSM organisations tend to be segmented, diffuse and decentralised.7. New social movements tend to focus on issues that cross national boundaries, and hence they become outside(a)ist. Environmental moveme nts, LGBT Movement are examples of NSMs that transcend international borders. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and New Social Movements on the national and Global planes have flourished as never before.Various New social Movements in IndiaEnvironmental Movement The Indian environmental movement is critical of the colonial framework of development pursued by the postcolonial state. The postindependent state failed to build up a development agenda based on the needs of the multitude and continued to advocate the modern capitalist agenda which led to the destruction of environment, poverty and marginalisation of rural communities. The environmental movement in India advocated the ideology of environmentalism of the poor.It not only critised modern developmentalism but as well as strongly advocated the revival of tralatitious self sufficient village economy. The environmentalist stated that local communities were best suited to uphold natural resources as their survival depend ed in the sustainable use of such resources. A significant feature film of environmental movements in India is that they have mainly involved the women, the poor and disadvantaged masses who have been immediately affected by or are victims of environmental degradation.Thus, these movements are primarily political expressions of the struggle of local communities and people who are victims of environmental degradation or abuse of resources. The origin of modern environmentalism and environmental movements in India can be ascribed to the Chipko movement in the central Himalayan region. Chipko as a spontaneous movement started in the early 70s and got organized under the able leadership of Sunderlal Bahuguna. It was ignited by the opposition of the people of the Tehri-Garhwal region to the felling of trees by outside contractors. In the Himalayan regions, forests form an indispensable source of livelihood for the tribal population living there. Chipko literally means hugging the trees .The movement articulated the concerns of forest-based communities such as depletion of forests, corrosion of soil and consequent landslides, drying up of local streams and other water resources and shortages of fuel and fodder for domestic consumption. It also fought against the construction of the Tehri dam which threatened the eviction of around 25,000 hilly residents. Though the movement has not succeeded in all its endeavours, it has achieved some commendable victories.Getting ban on felling trees above an altitude of 1000m and forcing the government to announce certain forest areas as protected regions are some of the successes of the movement. Chipko, universe a non-violent resistance movement, embodies the Gandhian spirit of struggle. Chipko movement inspired green cover movements elsewhere in the country, the most important being the Appiko movement in the Western Ghats against the over-felling of trees and covering forest lands with commercial trees replacing the natural ones. Like the Chipko, the Appiko movement revived the Gandhian way of protest and mobilisation for sustainable society in which there is a balance between man and nature.The other popular movements of importance in India, which have environmental protection as one of their objectives, relate to major dams. Notable among them are Tehri Dam, Silent valley learn and Narmada Valley Projects. In fact, the most popular movement in the environmental history of India is the movement against the Narmada River Valley Project called Narmada Bachao Andolan. Though the movement started as early as late 1970s, along with the clearance of the project, it received impulsion only during late 1980s. To start with, this movement was cantered around the issue of human rights. Due to improper execution of the rehabilitation programmes by the State the human rights activists have become the articulators of anti-dam protests.Their demands included complete stopping of the dam, resettlement and rehab ilitation benefits to the oustees. These demands were aptly supported by environmentalists who oppose construction of large dams for ecological reasons. The movement, however, gained wider public guardianship with mobilization and organization of oustees (mostly tribals ) and the joining of the eminent social workers like Baba Amte, Sunderlal Bahuguna and Medha Patkar. Though its wider public attention is due to its coverage (impact) in three states, the most notable feature of this movement is the international support it has received.The footrace forced international financial agencies like World Bank and USAID to withdraw funding for the project. While this Gandhian movement could not stop the construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam, it did force the states concerned- Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh- to address the issue of rehabilitation of the displaced more bad than before. Thus environmental and ecological movements became prominent in India since the 1970s.The issu es raised by them concern all sections of society in varying degrees. These issues are also related to peoples dignity, environmental rights and their decision-making rights on the issues concerning them.Womens Movement Throughout the period after independence the prevailing view was that development, industrialization and economic produce would deliver the results as they had been seen elsewhere in the developed world all would be beneficiaries of development, women included. This soon prove not to hold true in the Indian society. A report from the military commission on the emplacement of Women in India released in 1974 showed that not only had the conditions for women in India not improved, for many women, especially the poor, the conditions had worsened. Gender differences had become greater in political participation, education, health and employment.The 1970s and 1980s witnessed the growth of numerous womens groups that took up issues such as dowry deaths, bride burning, r ape and sati and focused on violence against women. They stressed the sexual subjugation of women in a way previous reform or feminist groups had never done. Some of the early autonomous womens groups were the Progressive Organization of Women (POW, Hyderabad), the Forum Against Rape (now redefined as Forum Against Oppression of Women), Stree Sangharsh and Samata (Delhi). Among the prime(prenominal) campaigns that womens groups took up was the struggle against rape in 1980. This was triggered by the judgment of the Supreme Court to carry on two policemen who were accused of raping a low tribal girl, Mathura, despite the fact that the High Court had indicted them.This led to country- wide demonstrations. Several other rape cases became part of this campaign that culminated after several historic period of protest in Government agreeing to change the existing rape law. The amended law was enacted in 1983 after long discussions with womens groups. The POW in Hyderabad organized ne w and fresh protests against dowry. In the late 1970s, Delhi became the focus of the movement against dowry and the violence inflicted on women in the marital home. Groups, which took up the campaign, included Stree Sangharsh and Mahila Dakshita Samiti. Later, a joint front called the Dahej Virodhi Chetna Mandal (organization for creating consciousness against dowry) was formed under whose umbrella a large number of organizations worked. The anti-dowry campaign attempted to bring social pressure to bear on offenders so that they would be isolated in the community in which they lived. Womens organizations also succeeded in getting the dowry law changed.There were several campaigns in the mid-eighties relating to womens rights. Among them was a campaign, in 1985, in support of the Supreme Court judgment in the split up case where Shah Bano, a Muslim woman, had petitioned the Court for maintenance from her husband under Section 125 of the woeful Procedure second and the Court grant ed her demand. The orthodox Muslims, however, protested against interference with their personal law. In 1986, the government introduced the Muslim Womens (Protection of Rights in Divorce) Bill denying Muslim women redress under Section 125. Womens associations protested against this outside Parliament. The Committee of the Status of Women also stated in its report that seats should be reserved for women in municipalities, and proposed that panchayats should include women to secure a minimum percentage of female participation.In 1993 this was adopted nationally when the Constitution Act 1992 (73rd Amendment) and The Constitution Act 1992 (74th Amendment) were passed, relating reservations for women to panchayats and municipalities. One-third of seats in all panchayats and municipalities nationwide, as well as one-third of the position of being chairpersons in the bodies, were reserved for women .The reservations acts were passed without any opposition in the Parliament, and with on ly a minor debate. However, the bill on Womens reservation in Parliament has not yet been passed. Over the years it has become clear that changing laws alone means little unless there is a will to apply them and unless there is education and literacy which makes women aware of their rights and allows them to exercise them effectively.It was this realization that has led the womens movement to take up, in a more concerted manner, programmes of legal literacy and education, gender sensitization of textbooks and media. The issues today are sexual worrying at the work place, the violence of development, caste and communal violence, lobbying for increased political participation of women in the highest levels of decision-making, etc. The success of the womens movement has not been in the number of women appointed to office or in the number of laws passed but in the fact that it has brought about a new consciousness on the intact question of women in Indian society.